intoxicated driving offense. (d)

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Boston Massachusetts DUI Lawyer - MA OUI/Drunk Driving Attorney - Mass DWI Laws \ Don't Let Your Massachusetts Drunk Driving or Other Criminal Charge Ruin Your Life! Search Massdui.com Home MassDUI Home page Massachusetts Drunk Driving Law Massachusetts Drunk Driving Laws and Penalties Massachusetts DUI Defense Mistakes Mistakes people make in Massachusetts DUI cases Massachusetts OUI Lawyer Mistakes Mistakes lawyers make in Massachusetts OUI cases MA DUI Lawyer Costs Defense Lawyer fees and additional costs Pulled over for Drunk Driving in MA? The first few minutes of your stop Massachusetts DWI Police mistakes Mistakes police make in Massachusetts DWI cases MA DUI FAQ's Frequently asked questions about MA DUI cases. Massachusetts Legal Limit The legal BAC limit according to Massachusetts DUI law Lawyer Information Information about Massachusetts Criminal Defense Lawyer Russell Matson Field Sobriety Test Information General information about Massachusetts field sobriety tests Fight The Case Should I fight my arrest at trial? Pleading Guilty Whathappens after if I plead guilty to an OUI charge in MA? Massachusetts Hardship License Detailson my MA hardship license guarantee MA Hardship License FAQ Frequentlyasked questions about getting a hardship license Massachusetts District Courts Towns and contact information for your court A list of Massachusetts AlcoholEducation Classes Locations around the state for 1st and 2nd offenderprograms. Massachusetts DUI Terms - ADUI / Drunk Driving Glossary of common terms. Law Links - Other DUI, law andinformative sites. The Massachusetts Law Firm of Russell J. Matsonworks exclusively in Drunk Driving / DUI / OUI & Criminal Defense. His Offices are in Braintree and Brockton, MA. "I will meet my clients around yourschedule, anywhere in Greater Boston." DUI Lawyer experience counts . ATenacious Massachusetts DUI & Criminal Defense Lawyer NEWS : 10/28/05 - Melanie's Law increasespenalties for multiple OUI offense convictions, and creates a number of newlaws. My Mass DWI/OUI laws page hasbeen updated to reflect the changes to Massachusetts' Drunk Driving Laws and Penalties. If you've been arrested in Massachusetts on a DUI charge or other criminalmatter, you need a criminal lawyer who knows how to get results and makes sure you are treated fairly. A lawyer who isknowledgeable about Massachusetts drunk driving (DUI OUI DWI) and other MA criminal laws.You have found that attorney. I'm Attorney Russell Matson, and protectingpeoples rights in DUI cases is what I do for a living. Call me on my cell phone 24 hours a day at (781)964-4898 . Help!! I was just Arrested for Drunk Driving! What do I do?? First, take a deep breath. There is no need to panic, help is available.Here's what you can expect to happen to you: You must appear in a Massachusetts District Court to be arraigned, generally on the next business day. If you can have a lawyer with you at the arraignment it may be helpful, but it's not absolutely necessary. However, it is critically important that you do not make any statements in court without a lawyer present. The court will enter a plea of not guilty, and set a court date for a pre-trial conference. Your next step is to find a Massachusetts lawyer to represent you. With your lawyer's help, you can decide how you want to handle the charges against you. What Kind of a Lawyer do I Need? If your facing a drunk driving charge, you can get any lawyer to representyou, but most lawyers, if they are honest, would strongly recommend that you speak to someone who handles DUI casesall the time. In fact, you should consider talking to several different MA or Greater Boston DUI lawyers before youdecide. The decision can be particularly important if you are facing a second or third offense OUI . I know that you want a lawyer who will provide the strongest possibledefense, and in a DUI case, experience matters. I suggest that you ask any lawyer thesequestions if you areconsidering him or her to represent you for a serious criminal matter like a DUIcharge: What is your DUI defense experience? Why are you the best lawyer to defend me ? Take Advantage Of My Free Consultation Offer To LearnIf I Am The Lawyer For You. Just a few quick facts about me as an attorney: I concentrate my practice in drunk driving defense. It's over 90% of what I do. I am always focused on developing new legal defense techniques to best protect and defend my clients rights in DUI cases. When I take DUI cases to trial, I beat them two thirds of the time. I'm an expert in field sobriety tests, and I know how to cross-examine police officers to establish the flaws in these so-called tests. I know these tests so well that I am certified to teach others how to properly perform field sobriety tests . I know these tests backwards and forwards - I know them better than the police, so I can spot their mistakes. This is critical to a good OUI defense. No other OUI lawyer in Massachusetts has this training. I have been interviewed on Channel 5 news in Boston as a recognized authority on Massachusetts hardship licenses after an OUI charge. I've been frequently quoted in a number of greater Boston newspaper articles on the subject of Massachusetts drunk driving laws. I Will Use My Experience And Knowledge Of Massachusetts DUILaw To Fight For Your Rights. I understand that you may feel powerless. And you may be afraid about what could happen to you. Being accused of a serious crime isvery difficult for anyone. Just the process of being arrested, taken to jail, fingerprinted, and photographed is tremendously dehumanizing.But it's happened, and right now you need to ask yourself these three questions. 1.Do you know how you are going to defend yourself against the charges against you? 2.Can you find the right attorney to help you without just guessing? 3.Do you know what could happen to you if you are found guilty? Let me give you a glimpse of what's in store for you. The first court date is an arraignment where you are officially charged. Youand your lawyer can get and review the police report at that time.After that there will be a number of other court appearances . . . for a bail review (if you are in custody),a pre-trial conference where the DA will generally offer you a plea ,preliminary hearings where motions (motion to suppress, motion to dismiss, et.al.) are filed, and if you chose to fight the case , a trial .If you're convicted, the penalties range from: probation with or without short jail sentences, straight probation (supervised or unsupervised), restitution, a significant number of fines, spending a very long time in jail, or in some cases, the State Prison. Should IFight The Case Or Should I Work Out A Deal? That's the question you'll have to decide, and the answer will depend on a numberof factors. When we talk during your free phone consultation, I'll ask you a lotof questions about your case and lay out all your options for you based on yourspecific and unique situation. For those who want to fight the case at trial and aren't willing toplead guilty, the good news is that these cases can be won . In fact, Ibeat them more often than not. This site lists just a few of the approaches Iuse to protect your rights in a jury trial. The rationale to fight is even morecompelling with a second offenseOUI or third offense . Some of clientssimply want to settle as quickly as possible andhire me to work out a plea right away. Ican certainly sympathize with and understand that feeling. You may just want toput the whole unfortunate incident behind you and move on with your life. Youmay be willing to live with a criminal conviction on your record since you areconfident you'll never come up against the law again. If that is whatyou want to do, I'll make sure it gets done the right way. I will work with the DA to move up the court date and settle thematter quickly. For a first offense plea, in most cases I can get the minimum penaltyallowed by law. I'll walk you through all of the paperwork and procedures stepby step, and explain everything to you along the way. You'll have to the peaceof mind to know that everything will be taken care of. And I'll go with you to the Registry to get you a hardshiplicense so you'll still be able to drive for 12 hours a day during theperiod of your license suspension. All of my OUIplea procedures are documentedhere. I've assembled a wealth of information here about whathappens when you're charged with a drunk driving offense in Massachusetts. Usemy site to educate yourself about what an experienced DUI attorney can do tohelp you. And when you're ready, give me a call at the number below, and I'll behappy to consult with you on the specifics of your case. There's never anyobligation when you call. My practice is concentrated in the area of Massachusetts drunk driving (DUIOUI DWI) law as well as other criminal matters. MY clients come from across thestate and all throughout greater Boston. DUI Lawyer experience counts. If you need a DUI attorney in another state, here are some links to some lawyer colleagues around the country. To obtain the best possible outcome I will conduct a thorough investigation of your case.In breath test case, it can be extremely helpful to bring in an expert witness. And if you were found guilty after a trial you may have a right to an appeal .Also, changes in Mass law now makes it easier to get a hardship license after an OUI is resolved, so you can still drive to work even in the event of a plea ora guilty verdict on a first offense. Whether you have been arrested forOUI, assault and battery , possession of drugs or some other criminal offense,you are entitled to a strong legal defense. The Commonwealth must proveevery element of it's case beyond a reasonable doubt. Call my cell phone 24 hoursa day at (781)964-4898 . I pledge to doggedly defend your rights. Andremember, my initial phone consultation is absolutely free, with no obligation. Sincerely, RussellMatson, Attorney at Law. (781)964-4898 DUI Home | Site Map | LawyerContact Info © 2003,2005 RJM & the MA Law Firm of RussellJ. Matson. Site by Massachusetts LawyerSEO Marketing firm High Steppin'Searches.

Section 164 Regulation Section 164 Regulation Revised 3/6/01 Final Rule for Section 164 23 CFC Part 1275 PART 1275--REPEAT INTOXICATED DRIVER LAWS Sec. 1275.1 Scope. 1275.2 Purpose. 1275.3 Definitions. 1275.4 Compliance criteria. 1275.5 Certification requirements. 1275.6 Transfer of funds. 1275.7 Use of transferred funds. 1275.8 Procedures affecting States in non-compliance. AUTHORITY: 23 U.S.C. 164; delegationof authority at 49 CFR 1.48 and 1.50. Source: 63 FR 55802, Oct. 19, 1998, asamended at 65 FR 59112, Oct. 4, 2000. Effective Date: October 4, 2000 1275.1 Scope. This part prescribes the requirements necessary to implement Section 164 of Title 23, United States Code, whichencourages States to enact and enforce repeat intoxicated driver laws. 1275.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to specify thesteps that States must take to avoid thetransfer of Federal-aid highway funds fornoncompliance with 23 U.S.C. 164. 1275.3 Definitions. As used in this part: (a) Alcohol concentration means grams ofalcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or gramsof alcohol per 210 liters of breath. (b) Driver's motor vehicle means a motorvehicle with a title or registration on whichthe repeat intoxicated driver's name appears. (c) Driving while intoxicated means drivingor being in actual physical control of a motorvehicle while having an alcoholconcentration above the permitted limit asestablished by each State, or an equivalentnon-BAC intoxicated driving offense. (d) Driving under the influence has the samemeaning as ''driving while intoxicated.'' (e) Enact and enforce means the State's lawis in effect and the State has begun toimplement the law. (f) Ignition interlock system means a State-certified system designed to prevent driversfrom starting their car when their breathalcohol concentration is at or above a presetlevel. (g) Impoundment or immobilization means the removal of a motor vehicle from arepeat intoxicated driver's possession or therendering of a repeat intoxicated driver'smotor vehicle inoperable. For the purposeof this regulation, ''impoundment orimmobilization'' also includes the forfeitureor confiscation of a repeat intoxicateddriver's motor vehicle or the revocation orsuspension of a repeat intoxicated driver'smotor vehicle license plate or registration. (h) Imprisonment means confinement in ajail, minimum security facility, communitycorrections facility, house arrest withelectronic monitoring, inpatientrehabilitation or treatment center, or otherfacility, provided the individual underconfinement is in fact being detained. (i) License suspension means a hard suspension of all driving privileges. (j) Motor vehicle means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power andmanufactured primarily for use on public highways, but does not include a vehicleoperated solely on a rail line or a commercial vehicle. (k) Repeat intoxicated driver means a personwho has been convicted of driving whileintoxicated or driving under the influence ofalcohol more than once in any five-yearperiod. (l) Repeat intoxicated driver law means aState law that imposes the minimumpenalties specified in 1275.4 of this partfor all repeat intoxicated drivers. (m) State means any of the 50 States, theDistrict of Columbia or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. 1275.4 Compliance criteria. (a) To avoid the transfer of funds asspecified in 1275.6 of this part, a State must enact and enforce a law thatestablishes, as a minimum penalty, that all repeat intoxicated drivers shall: (1) Receive a driver's license suspension of not less than one year; (2) Be subject to either-- (i) The impoundment of each of the driver's motor vehicles during the one-year license suspension; (ii) The immobilization of each of the driver's motor vehicles during the one-year license suspension; or (iii) The installation of a State-approved ignition interlock system on each of the driver's motor vehicles at the conclusion of the one-year license suspension; (3) Receive an assessment of their degree of alcohol abuse, and treatment as appropriate; and (4) Receive a mandatory sentence of-- (i) Not less than five days of imprisonment or 30 days of community service for a second offense; and (ii) Not less than ten days of imprisonment or 60 days of community service for a third or subsequent offense. (b) Exceptions. (1) A State may provide limited exceptions to the impoundment or immobilization requirements contained in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) and (a)(2)(ii) of this section on an individual basis, to avoid undue hardship to any individual who is completely dependent on the motor vehicle for the necessities of life, including any family member of the convicted individual, and any co-owner of the motor vehicle, but not including the offender. (2) A State may provide limited exceptions to the requirement to install an ignition interlock system on each of the offender's motor vehicles, contained in paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section, on an individual basis, to avoid undue financial hardship, provided the State law requires that the offender may not operate a motor vehicle without an ignition interlock system. (3) Such exceptions may be issued only in accordance with a State law, regulation or binding policy directive establishing the conditions under which vehicles may be released by the State or under Statewide published guidelines and in exceptional circumstances specific to the offender's motor vehicle, and may not result in the unrestricted use of the vehicle by the repeat intoxicated driver. 1275.5 Certification requirements. (a) Until a State has been determined to bein compliance, or after a State has beendetermined to be in non-compliance, withthe requirements of 23 U.S.C. 164, to avoidthe transfer of funds in any fiscal year,beginning with FY 2001, the State shallcertify to the Secretary of Transportation, onor before September 30 of the previousfiscal year, that it meets the requirements of 23 U.S.C. 164 and this part. (b) The certification shall be made by anappropriate State official, and it shallprovide that the State has enacted and is enforcing a repeat intoxicated driver law thatconforms to 23 U.S.C. 164 and Sec. 1275.4of this part. (1) If the State's repeat intoxicated driverlaw is currently in effect and is beingenforced, the certification shall be worded as follows: (Name of certifying official), (positiontitle), of the (State or Commonwealth) of______, do hereby certify that the (State orCommonwealth) of ______, has enacted andis enforcing a repeat intoxicated driver lawthat conforms to the requirements of 23U.S.C. 164 and 23 CFR 1275.4, (citations topertinent State statutes, regulations, case lawor other binding legal requirements,including definitions, as needed). (2) If the State's repeat intoxicated driverlaw is not currently in effect, but willbecome effective and be enforced byOctober 1 of the following fiscal year, thecertification shall be worded as follows: (Name of certifying official), (positiontitle), of the (State or Commonwealth) of______, do hereby certify that the (State or Commonwealth) of ______, has enacted arepeat intoxicated driver law that conformsto the requirements of 23 U.S.C. 164 and 23CFR 1275.4, (citations to pertinent Statestatutes, regulations, case law or otherbinding legal requirements, includingdefinitions, as needed), and will becomeeffective and be enforced as of (effective date of the law). (c) An original and four copies of thecertification shall be submitted to theappropriate NHTSA RegionalAdministrator. Each Regional Administrator will forwardthe certifications to the appropriate NHTSAand FHWA offices. (d) Once a State has been determined to bein compliance with the requirements of 23U.S.C. 164, it is not required to submitadditional certifications, except that theState shall promptly submit an amendmentor supplement to its certification providedunder paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sectionif the State's repeat intoxicated driverlegislation changes or the State ceases to enforce its law. 1275.6 Transfer of funds. (a) On October 1, 2000, and October 1,2001, if a State does not have in effect or isnot enforcing the law described in 1275.4,the Secretary shall transfer an amount equalto 1 1/2 percent of the funds apportioned tothe State for the fiscal year under each of 23U.S.C.104(b)(1), (b)(3), and (b)(4) to theapportionment of the State under 23 U.S.C.402. (b) On October 1, 2002, and each October1 thereafter, if a State does not have in effector is not enforcing the law described in 1275.4, the Secretary shall transfer anamount equal to 3 percent of the fundsapportioned to the State for the fiscal yearunder each of 23 U.S.C. 104(b)(1), (b)(3),and (b)(4) to the apportionment of the Stateunder 23 U.S.C. 402. (c) On October 1, the transfers to section402 apportionments will be made based onproportionate amounts from each of theapportionments under 23 U.S.C.104(b)(1),(b)(3) and (b)(4). Then the Stateswill be given until October 30 to notifyFHWA, through the appropriate DivisionAdministrator, if they would like to changethe distribution among 23 U.S.C.104(b)(1),(b)(3) and (b)(4). 1275.7 Use of transferred funds. (a) Any funds transferred under 1275.6may: (1) Be used for approved projects for alcohol-impaired driving counter-measures;or (2) Be directed to State and local lawenforcement agencies for enforcement oflaws prohibiting driving while intoxicatedor driving under the influence and otherrelated laws (including regulations),including the purchase of equipment, thetraining of officers, and the use of additionalpersonnel for specific alcohol-impaireddriving countermeasures, dedicated toenforcement of the laws (includingregulations). (b) States may elect to use all or a portion ofthe transferred funds for hazard eliminationactivities eligible under 23 U.S.C. 152. (c) The Governor's Representative forHighway Safety and the Secretary of theState's Department of Transportation foreach State shall jointly identify, in writing tothe appropriate NHTSA Administrator andFHWA Division Administrator, how thefunds will be programmed amongalcohol-impaired driving programs, hazardelimination programs, and planning andadministration costs, no later than 60 daysafter the funds are transferred. (d) The Federal share of the cost of anyproject carried out with the funds transferredunder 1275.6 of this part shall be 100percent. (e) The amount to be transferred under 1275.6 of this Part may be derived fromone or more of the following: (1) The apportionment of the State under 104(b)(1); (2) The apportionment of the State under 104(b)(3); or (3) The apportionment of the State under 104(b)(4). (f)(1) If any funds are transferred under 1275.6 of this part to the apportionmentof a State under Section 402 for a fiscal year,an amount, determined under paragraph (f)(2) of this section, of obligation authoritywill be distributed for the fiscal year to theState for Federal-aid highways and highwaysafety construction programs for carryingout projects under Section 402. (2) The amount of obligation authorityreferred to in paragraph (f)(1) of this sectionshall be determined by multiplying: (i) The amount of funds transferred under 1275.6 of this Part to the apportionment of the State under Section 402 for the fiscal year; by (ii) The ratio that: (A) The amount of obligation authority distributedfor the fiscal year to the State forFederal-aid highways and highway safetyconstruction programs; bears to (B) The total of the sums apportioned to theState for Federal-aid highways and highwaysafety construction programs (excludingsums not subject to any obligationlimitation) for the fiscal year. (g) Notwithstanding any other provision oflaw, no limitation on the total obligations forhighway safety programs under Section 402shall apply to funds transferred under 1275.6 to the apportionment of a Stateunder such section. 1275.8 Procedures affecting States in noncompliance. (a) Each fiscal year, each State determinedto be in noncompliance with 23 U.S.C. 164and this part, based on NHTSA's andFHWA's preliminary review of itscertification, will be advised of the fundsexpected to be transferred under 1275.4from apportionment, as part of the advancenotice of apportionments required under 23U.S.C. 104(e), normally not later than ninetydays prior to final apportionment. (b) If NHTSA and FHWA determine that theState is not in compliance with 23 U.S.C.164 and this part, based on the agencies'preliminary review, the State may, within 30days of its receipt of the advance notice ofapportionments, submit documentationshowing why it is in compliance.Documentation shall be submitted to theappropriate National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration Regional office. (c) Each fiscal year, each State determinednot to be in compliance with 23 U.S.C. 164and this part, based on NHTSA's andFHWA's final determination, will receivenotice of the funds being transferred under 1275.6 from apportionment, as part of thecertification of apportionments requiredunder 23 U.S.C. 104(e), which normallyoccurs on October 1 of each fiscal year.

DWAI? Are you in

Lori Crystal: Colorado Criminal Attorney, DUI Defense, DWAI, DWI, Revoked Drivers License You only have 7 days Did you receive a DUI or DWAI? Are you in the state of Colorado? CALL US IMMEDIATELY - Drivers' license issues have strict and severe time limitations. In refusal cases or breath test cases where the blood alcohol level is 0.08 or above, the hearing must be requested no later than seven days after the offense. THIS DOES NOT MEAN 7 BUSINESS DAYS. IT MEANS 7 DAYS TOTAL . Two of those days may be weekends when the motor vehicle office is closed. Don't wait until the last minute. (303) 660-9056 Attorney Profile Lori Crystal Attorney At Law I am a returned Colorado native who grew up just north of 8 Mile. Since 1981, I have permanently resided in Colorado. I graduated with high distinction in economics from the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs in 1986 and received my law degree from the University of Denver in 1990. I established my Castle Rock practice in 1994 and have built a very successful practice based on the principal that every client is an individual, with individual needs, who deserves individual attention. My practices focuses on criminal and family law matters, with an emphasis on alcohol and drug related issues. I have been a member of the National College for DUI Defense since 2001 and have regularly participated in National DUI defense conferences. In June of 2003, I became a Certified Intoxilyzer Technician. My staff includes a full time paralegal and legal secretary, who provide prompt and courteous service. An important factor in our success! Developed by LawInfo.com ™ © 2004

blood alcohol contentis high,

Blood Alcohol Levels MODELING BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS Part A: The Situation Terry, a twenty-five year-old taxi driver, is out with some friendsat a bar. Terry and two others are not drinking any alcoholic beveragestonight. A fourth friend is drinking beer; the fifth is drinking shotsof tequila; the sixth is drinking wine. As the six friends start theirevening, Terry is wondering about the following questions: Knowing that the legal blood alcohol limit is 0.1% in this state (fordriving), how many drinks will it take for the three to exceed that limit? Will the blood alcohol get broken down faster if a person drinks a lotat the beginning, or drinks smaller amounts over a longer period of time?(the total amount of alcohol is the same) Once they've become "illegal", how many hours will it take before theyare below the legal limit again? Unfortunately, there was no easy way for Terry to answer these questions.The next day, still thinking about these issues, he called up a local governmenthealth agency and asked them. They didn't know the answers, but decidedto hire some consultants to find out. They hired (at a very expensive hourlyrate) some expert human physiologists to investigate-- you! Your assignment is to use your knowledge of stocks and flows to builda STELLA computer model of the breakdown of alcohol in the body. You willuse this model to help answer his questions. Your fee will be presentedupon completion. Part B: Alcohol Degradation: Model I Building a model is like writing a paper: First you do a rough draft,then you do a final copy. With a model, you start with a quick approximatemodel, test it, and see what makes sense and what doesn't. Then you canchange your assumptions behind the model to make it more complex (and moreaccurate). Your first model will have four assumptions: The blood alcohol will decrease at a constant rate. It takes about six hours for a person to sober up. This person is already intoxicated at the legal level. There is no increase in alcohol (i.e., this person has stopped drinking). Place a "stock" (or "reservoir") for the blood alcohol level by loadingSTELLA, and then going to the second "level" of the program by clickingonce on the downward arrow button at the top left side of the screen. Clickonce on the "stock" icon at the top left which looks like a rectangle.Then click once in the screen field to place the stock on the screen. Labelthe stock "Blood Alcohol" by just typing it in. Now you are going to place a "flow" going out of the blood alcohol stock. Question 1 What should the outflow for blood alcohol be called? In other words,what process directly decreases the level of alcohol in your blood? (Hint:It has nothing to do with the kidneys) Place the outflow on the screen. Click the flow icon at the top of the screen. Hold down the mouse button on top of the stock and drag it right severalinches. While the flow is highlighted, type the name of your outflow. Now that you have created the structure of your model, you need tofill in the details. Click the globe in the upper left corner of the screen; it should changeto a large x2 . This lets STELLA know that you want to enter the mathematical relationshipsin the model. Question 2 In many states you are legally intoxicated when 0.1% (1 ml of alcohol/1000ml blood) of your blood is alcohol. If a person has 6000 milliliters ofblood with 0.1% alcohol concentration, how many milliliters of alcoholare in his system? Set the initial value of the Blood Alcohol. Double-click the stock "Blood Alcohol". Type the number of milliliters of alcohol that you gave for the previousquestion. Click the OK button. Note that the question mark has disappeared, meaning you have entereda value for that element. Question 3 Given the initial amount of alcohol, how many milliliters of alcoholwill need to be removed each hour in order for all the alcohol to be goneafter six hours? Set the outflow to your answer for question 3. Double-click your outflow. Type in your answer to the previous question. Click OK. The blood alcohol will go down that many milliliters each hour. Make a graph so you can see the simulation. Click the graph icon at the top of the screen. Click below your stock/flow assembly. (You should see a blank graph.) Choose Define Graph...from the Model menu. Tell STELLA what elements to graph. Click "Blood Alcohol" in the left hand list Click the button. Click OK to go back to the graph. Before you run the simulation, make a prediction. Draw a graph of thelevel of blood alcohol as it changes over the course of 12 hours. Run the simulation. Choose Run from the Run menu. Draw the simulation result on the following graph. Question 4 Is this graph what you expected? If not, explain. Close the graph window and go back to the diagram. Click the box in the upper left corner of the graph window. You will now modify your model to make it more accurate, adding thisassumption: The rate at which alcohol is broken down depends upon the amountof alcohol in the blood. The model which you constructed above assumes something different--that the rate at which alcohol is broken down stays the same regardlessof the amount that is in the body. We know intuitively that this isn'tthe case. To be really clear in your own mind, think about the next twoquestions. Question 5 Suppose there is a very high concentration of alcohol in the blood. Will the body remove more, less, or the same amount of alcohol per houras it would when there is a low concentration of alcohol in the blood? Why? Question 6 How much alcohol will be removed per hour when the concentration ofalcohol in the blood is zero? Blood Alcohol Levels-Part 2 Now let's assume a more realistic model like this: Each hour, 30% of theblood alcohol is removed. Though this percentage remains constant, therate of breakdown is always changing, because when the blood alcohol contentis high, 30% of a big number is a relatively big number, and when the bloodalcohol content is low, 30% of a smaller number is smaller . So the rateof blood alcohol breakdown is always changing because the blood alcoholcontent is always changing. We can build this 30% breakdown rate into our model using the "converter"icon in the tool bar. It looks like a circle (in the upper-left of thescreen). * Click once on the converter icon. * Then click on the screen near your flow to place the converterinto the model. * Give the converter the name MULTIPLIER. * Double click on the converter and enter 0.30 which is the 30%breakdown rate that we want. * Now connect the converter to the flow with a connector (thered arrow icon). To do this click once on the connector icon, then aimthe pointer arrow right in the converter and click and hold themouse, then drag while holding the mouse button down overto the big circle part of the flow icon until you see it turn gray; thenlet go of the mouse. If you have done this correctly, there should be anarrow connecting the converter to the flow; if not, try it again. Thisconnector arrow shows that alcohol breakdown depends on the converter. The breakdown of alcohol depends also on the amount of alcoholin the blood, as we have been saying. So use another connector to connectthe blood alcohol reservoir to the flow. Do this like you did the otherconnection. * Click once on the connector icon and then aim the pointer arrowright in the reservoir. Then click and hold the mouse, and dragthe arrow while holding the mouse button down over to the bigcircle part of the flow icon until you see it turn gray; then let go ofthe mouse. If you have done this correctly, there should be an arrow connectingthe converter to the flow; if not, try it again. Now you are ready to write an equation in the flow which describes thebreakdown of alcohol per unit of time. If 30% of the blood alcohol is brokendown in any given unit of time, you can indicate this quantity mathematicallyas 0.30 times the amount of blood alcohol. Stella will then subtract foryou this amount from the current amount of blood alcohol to give the newamount of blood alcohol at the next time step. So... * Click twice on the big circle part of the flow icon and simplytype 0.30*blood alcohol (notice the multiply sign on a computeris the asterisk). * Then click O.K. Before you simulate, make a prediction of how the alcohol changes overtime. Draw your prediction of the level of blood alcohol on graph likethe one below. To make your graph (over time) look nicer, set a range for alcohol. Choose Range in the Run menu. Click "Blood Alcohol." Type in a range of 0 to 10 (just type a 10 in the Max. box) Click Set. Click OK to go back to the diagram. Run your model. Double-click the graph to see your axes. Choose Run from the Run menu. Draw the resulting graph. Question 11 Was the simulation run the same as you predicted? If not, why not? Keep trying until you get a good simulation run. If your model doesnot give the result you expect, take another look at your graphical relation.You might need to change the scale of your graphical relation. Keep simulatinguntil the alcohol is gradually neutralized, with about 90% gone after sixhours. Make sure you draw a prediction each time you simulate. Get rid of the graph by clicking the small box at the top left once. Question 12 Draw or print your final model. Explain what the model does. Part D: Alcohol Degradation while Drinking Now the you have a working model of alcohol degradation, you can seehow quickly a drink is broken down. Question 13 What should the inflow for blood alcohol be called? In other words,what directly increases the level of alcohol in your blood? Place your inflow on the screen. Click the flow icon at the top of the screen. Hold down the mouse, starting about an inch to the left of the stock,and drag the flow on top of the stock. Release the mouse button when the stock turns grey. Type the name of your inflow. To tell STELLA that a person has had a drink, you will create anothergraphical function, this one over time. Double-click your inflow and type "time." Click Become Graph. Set the scale of your graphical function to 0 through 5 on the verticalaxis. Click the picture of a graph on the lower left hand corner. It shouldturn into a series of horizontal steps. If you don't see the steps, clickagain on the graph picture until you do. Tell STELLA that you will take a drink containing 4 milliliters ofalcohol at 2 hours after the start of the simulation. Type "4" in the right hand "Output" column next to the "2" in the "Input"column. Click OK to go back to the diagram. Set the initial level of alcohol to 0. Double-click the stock of blood alcohol. Type "0" Click OK. Show a horizontal line at 0.1% blood alcohol, the legal limit. In your STELLA model, create a "converter" by first clicking on the o icon at the top of the screen. Then click near your model to place the converter on the screen. Namethe icon "Legal Limit." Double click on the converter. Place the appropriate # mils that wouldgive a person a 0.1% blood alcohol level ( see your answer for question2 at the beginning of the lab). Click OK when done. Tell STELLA to plot a horizontal line at this level by clicking theRUN menu and selecting Range. Click on Legal limit then type 10 in theMax. box and click Set Then click OK. Double click on your graph icon.The graph should appear. In the Diagram menu again select Define GraphClick once on Legal limit then click the button. Then click OK. Before you run the simulation, make a prediction on the axes. Run the simulation. Draw the simulation result on a graph. Get rid of the graph by clicking once on the small box in the upperleft. Now you will attempt to answer terry's questions, listed in the beginningof this worksheet. Set up a simulation where a person takes 3 drinks, with an alcohol contentof four milliliters each, within one hour. Do this by going to the graphicalrelation in your inflow, and enter an output of 12 at input 1. (Make output0 at input 2) This tells STELLA your person drinks 12 milliliters of alcoholin an hour. Set the range of the y axis from the graph from 0 to 15 (usingthe Range menu item in the Run menu). Set it for BOTH blood alcohol ANDlegal limit (type 15 in each "Max." box and click "Set" after typing each).Click OK when done setting BOTH ranges to 15. Sketch your Prediction: Double click the graph icon to see your graph. Then select Run in theRun menu. Draw or print the Simulation Result: Now, your person is going to spread the three drinks over several hours.Set the inflow with a four milliliter drink at 1 hour, another at hour2, and another at hour 3. Sketch your Prediction: Draw or print the Simulation Result: Question 14 After 6 hours, which simulation has the lowest amount of blood alcohol? Using your model, determine the answers to Terry's other two questions. Question 15 How many drinks (of four milliliters alcohol content each) will it takefor Terry's friends to go above the legal limit? Question 16 Once they've become "illegal," how many hours will it take before theyare below the legal limit again? (Estimate this both for one drink of 12ml at hour 1 AND three drinks of 4 ml each at hours 1, 2, and 3.) Back to Part I This paper has been edited from an original work by: William Glass Catalina Foothills High School

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