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DWI DUI OWI OUI Driving in Delaware DUI DWI: International Referral Database of DUI, DWI, Impairedand DrunkDriving, Drinking and Driving, Lawyers & Attorneys State orProvince | County | Region | Attorneys | Courthouses | License & Traffic Offices | Legislation | Instruments | Standards | Experts | Articles Add Attorney | Add Courthouse | AddDMV Office | Add Legislation | AddInstrument | Add Standards Home | Debate | AddingYour Firm | Words are used in Canada? DUI | DWI | DrunkDriving | Drinkingand Driving | DUI Laws | DWILaws | Ontariodui | Ontario dui laws | ImpairedDriving | TorontoDUI | BramptonDUI | MississaugaDUI DUI : Driving Under the Influence; DWI : Driving While Intoxicated;OUI: Operating Under the Inflence; OWI: Operating While Intoxicated; ImpairedDriving: Impaired in Canada to Slightest Degree; Over 80: Excess BAC alcohol inCanada over 80 mg/100mL; Care or Control: Occupy seat normallyoccupied by operator in Canada, act or series of acts involving useof car , fittings or equipment This is a database of Delaware dui laws information that has been contributed by dui attorneys in Delaware . All Delaware dui defense counsel are welcome to join the International Referral Database of DUI, DWI, Impaired and Drunk Driving, Lawyers & Attorneys . A Delaware attorney is your best source of legal information about dui law in Delaware . Delaware legislation respecting dui can be found by clicking on "DUI and DWI Legislation" below. Delaware dui attorneys attend dui court at the dui "DUI Courthouses and DWI Courthouses" Directory link below. Breath instruments used in Delaware dui investigations are also linked at "BAC Instruments Used in DUI Court and DWI Court Cases" below as well as "DUI and DWI Breath and Blood Collection Standards", that is dui alcohol test standards for Delaware . The "Summaries of Delaware dui Law" page contains short summaries of Delaware dui laws on a single page provided by each Delaware attorney who has chosen to participate. This is an excellent DUI page to print. The Delaware "First Appearance in dui Court" page contains basic information about what to do before and at dui Court in Delaware . It is a good idea to "Be Early for dui Court in Delaware for the reasons linked below . Find out "What to Wear to Delaware dui Court". Information is also provided respecting government dui DMV MOT facilities in "Directory of Motor Vehicle Offices" for Delaware . If you have been charged with dui in Delaware , please consult a Delaware dui lawyer or Delaware dui attorney forthwith . Delaware attorneys who wish to participate in this database should visit the AddingYour Firm page. We welcome DUI lawyers, attorneys, and barristers who speak languages other than English as well as DWI lawyers, attorneys, and barristers who practise outside Canada and the United States. In the future we hope to provide this database in French, Polish, Spanish and other languages. Please provide your suggestions to biss@lawyers.ca . 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and Practice Descriptions Avocats DUI,DWI, droit criminel Adwokaci DUI,DWI, prawo kryminalne List of DUI Forensic Experts, DWI Forensic Experts and Practice Descriptions State/Province DUI DWI Data and Links to DUI DWI Statutes The Impaired Driving Checklist The Drinking Driver's worksheet DUI DWI and Criminal Defense Character Reference Letters Articles and Writings Delaware DUI Attorney DWI Attorney Articles and Writings Delaware DUI Lawyer DWI Lawyer Articles and Writings Delaware Drunk Driving Attorney Articles and Writings Delaware Drunk Driving Lawyer Articles and Writings AddDL Click Here to Contact a DUI-Help.com Attorney in Delaware Now Lawyers and DUI Information in Delaware Cities and Towns Sponsored by: dui DUI-Help Delaware dui Attorney DUI Attorneys in Arden , Delaware DUI Lawyers , DWI Attorneys Arden, DE DWI Drunk Driving Lawyers DUI Attorneys in Ardencroft , Delaware DUI Lawyers , DWI Attorneys Ardencroft, DE DWI Drunk Driving Lawyers DUI Attorneys in Ardentown , 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Theauthor and the participants make no representation or warranty whatsoeveras to the authenticity and reliability of the information contained herein.Advertisement.Theselawyers do not practice in association. WARNING: All informationcontained herein is provided for the purpose of providing basic information onlyand should not be construed as formal legal advice. The authors disclaim any andall liability resulting from reliance upon such information. You are stronglyencouraged to seek professional legal advice before relying upon any of theinformation contained herein. Legal advice should be sought directly from aproperly retained lawyer or attorney.
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Drunk Driving Defense Information ARIZONA DRUNK DRIVING DEFENSE Find a DWI DUI Drunk Driving Lawyer in your state. Sponsor Attorneys-Statewide Court Coverage Ted Agnick -Tempe Jeffrey Siirtola -Sierra Vista Why Hundreds in Arizona Are Unjustly Convicted of DUI Even though you've been arrested for DUI, you don't have to let it ruinyour life. You may not realize it yet, but if you are thinking aboutsimply going to court and pleading guilty to your DUI charge you may becheating yourself. You see, a qualified attorney can review the case for defects, suppressevidence, compel discovery of such things as calibration andmaintenance records for the breath machine, have blood samplesindependently analyzed, obtain expert witnesses all of which may helpyou to win your case at trial. To find out what you need to know about your DUI arrest I've developeda website to give you a wealth of useful information . . . informationwhich will show you how you may be able to save your license and yourfreedom . . . and possibly avoid fines, fees, and sharply increased carinsurance costs of as much as $6,800. For the most part, my easy-to-navigate site has information on it whichyou can't get anywhere else unless you are willing to do a great dealof legal research. When you're on my site, you'll also learn how you can get a free,no-obligation consultation where I'll review your case and show you howI may be able to save your license and your freedom. Arizona DUI Drunk Driving Defense Information Search for Arizona DUI Attorneys by County. Attorney Offices byMunicipality Bullhead City: Wolfson Law Center : There are basically three drunk driving crimes in Arizona. First, it is a crime in Arizona to operate or be in physical control of a motor vehicle [including water craft] while under the influence of alcohol or drugs [even drugs prescribed by a doctor]. It is not required that you be proven to be actually "drunk" to be convicted. "Under the influence" means that the suspect was impaired in the slightest degree". The focus of this offense is whether at the time of operation or actual physical control of the vehicle was the operator impaired. Keith Knochel : DUI tips and penalties. Intoxicated is defined in two ways: First, a person is intoxicated when he drives and, when, through the use of an alcoholic beverage, drug, controlled substance, or any combination thereof, has lost the normal use of their faculties and is impaired to the slightest degree. Second, a person is intoxicated when he drives and has an alcohol concentration of .10 or more in his body. If the alcohol concentration is above .18, there are enhanced or aggravated penalties. Chandler Law Office Sullivan Law Office : In Arizona, DUI is a serious crime with serious repercussions. Flagstaff Kirkpatrick & Harris : When someone is arrested, the criminal process will vary, depending upon whether they are charged with a misdemeanor or a felony. A misdemeanor case is one where the maximum punishment is six months in county jail, a fine, or a combination of jail and a fine. In a felony case, the punishment is usually much more severe, and can include confinement in the Arizona State Prison, or in some extremely serious cases, death.In a misdemeanor case, the first appearance is called an arraignment. The main purpose the arraignment is for the accused to enter a plea. If the accused pleads not guilty, the case is scheduled for a pretrial conference and at some point a trial. A conviction requires six jurors to unanimously agree that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.In felony cases, the first appearance is the initial appearance. The Case would be set for preliminary hearing which is held in front of a judge and not a jury. The judge will listen to the testimony of witnesses and determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bind the defendant over to stand trial.If the judge decides that there is enough evidence for the accused to be brought to trial, the defendant has the arraignment, pretrial conference, then trial. Gilbert Wilson-Goodman & Fong : DUI FAQS 1) SHOULD I PERFORM FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS? DO NOT agree to take any field sobriety tests (FSTs). There are several types of FSTs: Walk and Turn, On Leg Stand, and an eye test (otherwise referred to as Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus). You have every right to refuse these tests without consequence to you. Remember, you have a constitutional right to remain silent. Make sure not to answer any questions without first having your attorney with you. 2) SHOULD I SUBMIT TO A BREATH, BLOOD OR URINE TEST? Under Arizona law, you must agree to take a breath, blood or urine test once you have been arrested. It would be a good idea to contact an attorney prior to submitting tot he tests, if possible. Failure to submit to the tests upon request may result in your driver's license being revoked for one year. However, if you are asked to take a Portable Breath Test (a small tube you blow into, usually requested by the officer at the scene) and not an actual breath test (a breathalyzer or intoxilyzer machine you blow into while at a DUI van or police station), you do not have to submit to it. 3) HOW MANY DUIs CAN I BE CHARGED WITH? Generally, the State may bring three different charges against you, depending on the amount of alcohol in your system at the time of driving: a) Driving While Under the Influence while impaired to the "slightest degree". This charge does not require the State to prove that your blood alcohol concentration be at a certain amount, but only that you are impaired to the slightest degree. b) Driving While Intoxicated with a blood alcohol concentration above .08 within two hours of driving. c) Driving While Intoxicated with a blood alcohol concentration about .15 within two hours of driving. This is referred to as an "Extreme DUI". If convicted, penalties increase significantly including a longer jail sentence and higher fine. You will also be required to install a breath interlock interlock device on you vehicle. 4) WHEN DOES A DUI BECOME A FELONY? There are a couple of ways that your DUI may be charged as an aggravated (felony) DUI. First, under Arizona law, should you be convicted of three DUIs within five years, you will be charged with a felony DUI. Second, should you be arrested for DUI while driving on a suspended license, you may be charged with an aggravated DUI. Keep in mind that the State has the burden of proving that you knew or should have known your license was suspended at the time of driving. The punishment for an aggravated DUI may range from supervised probation with a mandatory minimum of 4 months in prison to almost 4 years in prison. 5) WILL MY DRIVER'S LICENSE BE SUSPENDED? Keep in mind that you are entitled to a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge at the Motor Vehicle Department. If your blood-alcohol reading is about .08, your license may be suspended for 90 days. In some cases, the MVD will issue a restricted license after thirty days for work purposes. This license suspension may occur even if you have not been convicted of a DUI in a criminal court proceeding. Glendale John Phebus : Our drunk driving statutes are now enforced rigorously, prosecuted zealously and provide for substantial punishments. This is proper. It is also proper, however, that we remain vigilant in safeguarding the rights of individuals charged with DUI and related criminal offenses. The Charge Over the years, the publics perception of drunk driving has evolved. What the public once viewed as a common indiscretion is now viewed as a serious crime and public health hazard. State legislatures all over the country are engaged in a feeding frenzy of "feel-good" legislation in response to pressure exerted by well-financed political interest groups. As a result, ordinary citizens -- many of whom are not intoxicated or impaired at the time of driving -- are being arrested in record numbers and forced to defend against criminal charges. Given our current political climate, DUI is a serious criminal charge. In 1996, over two-million people were arrested in the United States for DUI/DWI. More people are charged with "DUI/DWI" than any other criminal offense. That year, 43,040 DUI cases were processed in Arizonas limited jurisdiction courts ( i.e ., Municipal Courts, Justice Courts) alone. In the City of Phoenix, 93% of all persons charged with DUI pled guilty without going to trial to fight the charges against them. By pleading guilty, they gave up their right to have a trial before a jury; to confront their accusers; to refute the evidence against them and to force the government to prove each element of every charge against them beyond a reasonable doubt. Possible Penalties 1st Offense Misdemeanor The maximum potential penalty is 6 months in jail, 5 years of probation, a fine of $2,500 with a surcharge of approximately 70%, alcohol counseling, and the loss of your license for at least 90 days. The minimum penalty is 10 days of jail with the possibility of 9 days suspended pending the alcohol screening and counseling. The normal fine is approximately $400. The one-day of jail required must be served. There are additional penalties within the court's discretion. 2nd Offense Misdemeanor The maximum penalty is the same as a first offense except that the second conviction in 5 years will result in the revocation of your driver's license for one year. The minimum penalty is 90 days in jail with the possibility of 60 days suspended pending the alcohol screening and counseling. The normal fine is approximately $800. Your license will be revoked for one year. There are additional penalties within the court's discretion. Extreme DUI If your blood alcohol level is .150 or greater within two hours of driving based on a blood, breath and / or urine sample, you could be convicted of EXTREME DUI. This offense is also a misdemeanor offense. However, the Court will be required to sentence you to a minimum 30 days of jail and suspend your license for one year. Normal fines are approximately $400 with the same screening and counseling requirements as the other misdemeanor offenses. If this happens to be your second misdemeanor DUI offense, then you will also faced enhanced punishment including 120 days of jail with the possibility of 60 days suspended and a fine of approximately $800. There are additional penalties within the court's discretion. Work Release/Home Arrest If you are sentenced to serve a jail sentence, the court has the discretion to allow you work release from the jail. You may be required to serve one or two days in jail prior to your release taking effect. Although the statutes provide for home arrest, the courts do not have a system in place to allow for it. Aggravated DUI It is a felony to get a third DUI in five years or any DUI while your driver's license is revoked, suspended or restricted for any reason. If you are convicted of a class 4 felony, you will face a possible prison sentence. Normally, you will receive a grant of probation. However, if granted probation, the Court is required to incarcerate you in the State Prison for 4 months as a condition of probation. As a felony, the maximum fine you could face is $150,000. You will have your license revoked for at least 3 years. There is no work release. In addition, the State may forfeit your vehicle. There are additional penalties within the court's discretion. If you are convicted of a class 6 felony, you will also face the three-year revocation of your driver's license, the same fine as above, and the possibility of incarceration ranging from 4 months to 2 years. The penalties are even more severe for a second offense Aggravated DUI or if you have any prior felony convictions. As a DUI lawyer, what would you do if you were stopped for a DUI? Immediately request an attorney -- Ask officer to note time of my request. Refuse to answer ANY questions (Other than name and address). Produce requested documents ... be polite even if the officer isnt. Refuse ALL field sobriety tests. Take a breath/blood/urine test. Mesa Phoenix Rio Rico Hale & Williams: "Driving under the influence" (DUI) and "driving while intoxicated" (DWI) are two names for the crime of drunk driving. Other statutory names for this crime are "operating under the influence" (OUI) and "operating while intoxicated" (OWI). The different names for the crime reflect differences in the state statutes that define the crime. However, all the statutes have the common purpose of punishing drunk driving and driving under the influence of illegal drugs. A conviction for drunk driving carries serious consequences, including driver's license suspension or revocation, fines, and time in jail or prison. Accordingly, a person charged with drunk driving must not hesitate to seek legal counsel from an experienced criminal defense attorney in order to best protect his or her interests. Scottsdale Sierra Vista Bays Law Firm Voluntary Intoxication: the result of intentionally taking without duress of a substance known to be intoxicating. Tempe Tucson Unknown Robert Barry : If you have been arrested or cited on suspicion of Driving Under the Influence of drugs or alcohol, it is important that you known and understand your rights. Yuma Vida Florez : The Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause guarantees every criminal defendant the right "to be confronted with the witnesses against him." Generally, this means that the accused has a constitutional right to cross-examine witnesses who make statements against him. In conjunction with this right, hearsay statements (out-of-court statements offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted) are generally inadmissible.However, there are several exceptions to the hearsay rule, which make the out-of-court statements of a non-testifying witness admissible under certain conditions (in spite of the Confrontation Clause). In fact, the tension created between the admissibility of certain hearsay statements and the conflicting right of the accused to cross-examine witnesses has risen to the level of the U.S. Supreme Court. In assessing the connection between the Confrontation Clause and the hearsay rule, the Court has specifically questioned the hearsay exception for statements against penal interest and the admissibility of accomplice confessions that inculpate the accused. RETURN TO DRUNK DRIVING DEFENSE
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DUI school Pay restitution Department of Safety Internet - DUI Offenses Outline Skip to Content. Home | Forms | Online Services | Employment | Road Conditions | Newsroom | Contact Us Main content begins below. -- DUI OFFENSES OUTLINE [55-10-403] IMPLIED CONSENT 1ST TIME DUI OFFENDER 2ND TIME DUI OFFENDER 3RD TIME DUI OFFENDER 4TH AND SUBSEQUENT DUI OFFENDER VEHICULAR ASSAULT CHILD ENDANGERMENT VEHICULAR HOMICIDE AGGRAVATED VEHICULAR ASSAULT WHILE DRIVING INTOXICATED IMPLIED CONSENT - Refusal to Submit to Blood Alcohol (BAC) [55-10-405] Revocation of Drivers License for 1 year-1st offense Revocation of Drivers License for 2 years-2nd offense Revocation of Drivers License for 2 years if crash resulted in bodily injury (Most Aggravated Drunk Driving Law) Revocation of Drivers License for 5 years if crash resulted in a death (Most aggravated Drunk Driving Law. Back to Top 1ST TIME DUI OFFENDER - .08 (BAC) [55-10-401] [55-10-403] 48 hours to 11 months, 29 days of Jail .20 BAC or greater minimum jail time 7 consecutive days License revocation for 1 year You will be ordered to participate in a DUI school Pay restitution to any person suffering physical injury or personal loss $350-$1,500 Fine With towing, bail, attorney, high risk insurance, court costs, school, and reinstatement fees, your first offense average costs could add up to $4,900. Judge can order you to install a vehicle Ignition Interlock Device at your expense. Minimum 1st year cost $810 [55-10-412d] If two (2) convictions of DUI in 5 years, Ignition Interlock Device required for 6 months after reinstatement at your expense. Back to Top 2ND TIME DUI OFFENDER 45 days to 11 months, 29 days of jail $600-$3,500 mandatory fine License revocation for 2 years/Restricted License available after first year Subject to .08 BAC Subject to vehicle seizure/forfeiture You will be ordered to attend a DUI school The judge can order you to install a vehicle Ignition Interlock Device at your expense. If two (2) convictions of DUI in 5 years, Ignition Interlock Device required for 6 months after reinstatement at your expense. Pay restitution to ay person suffering personal injury or loss Back to Top 3RD TIME DUI OFFENDER 120 days to 11 months, 29 days in jail $1,100 to $10,000 mandatory fines License revocation for 3-10 years/NO restricted license available Subject to .08 BAC Subject to vehicle seizure/forfeit DUI school Judge could order an Ignition Interlock Device installed at your expense If two (2) convictions of DUI in 5 years, Ignition Interlock Device required for 6 months after reinstatement at your expense. Back to Top 4TH AND SUBSEQUENT DUI OFFENDER Class E Felony 1 Year (365) days of jail time with a minimum of 150 consecutive days served $3,000 to $15,000 mandatory fine License revocation for 5 years/NO restricted license available Subject to vehicle seizure/forfeit DUI school Judge could or an Ignition Interlock Device installed at your expense If two (2) convictions of DUI in 5 years, Ignition Interlock Device required for 6 months after reinstatement at your expense. Back to Top VEHICULAR ASSAULT - Serious injury to another person by a DUI driver . Class D Felony [39-13-106] License revocation from 1 to 5 years according to prior offenses Jail time 2 to 12 years according to range [40-35-112] Plus fines and court costs Back to Top CHILD ENDANGERMENT - DUI with passenger under 13 years old Class D felony if child suffers serious injury [55-10-414] [40-35-112] 2 to 4 years jail time Class C Felony if child death involved 3 to 6 years jail time License revocation Back to Top VEHICULAR HOMICIDE Class B Felony [39-13-213] [40-35-112] Fatal crash caused by DUI with .08 BAC or more License revocation for 3-10 years/NO restricted license available Back to Top AGGRAVATED VEHICULAR HOMICIDE - (while driving intoxicated) Class A Felony [39-13-218] [40-35-112] If any of the following conditions are present: Two or more prior (a) DUI conviction, (b) Vehicular assault convictions or, (c) any combination One prior Vehicular Homicide A BAC of .20 or greater at the time of the vehicular homicide has (1) one prior DUI or Vehicular Assault offense. Back to Top Tennessee.gov Home | Search Tennessee.gov | A to Z Directory | Policies | Survey | Help | Site Map | Contact
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driving under influence ofalcohol Driving Under the Influence of Drugs: An Increasing Problem Sign the Resolution Contents | Feedback | Search DRCNet Home | Join DRCNet DRCNet Library | SchafferLibrary | Drugs and Driving Driving Under the Influence of Drugs: An Increasing Problem J. Mrland, K-M. Beylich, A. Bjrneboe, A. S. Christophersen National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, P.O. Box 9934, Ila 0132, Oslo, Norway ABSTRACT The Norwegian road traffic act prohibits driving under the influence of alcohol (A)and/or other psychoactive drugs (PD). In practice police officers refer the suspecteddriver to blood sampling without or with a clinical examination depending on suspicion ofA or PD involvement, respectively. All blood samples are analyzed at one nationalinstitute. In PD cases written expert witness statements are accompanying the result ofthe clinical examination and blood concentration determinations, which together give thebasis for sentences by the courts in a large percentage of the positive cases. A dramatic change has been observed over the last 10 years with respect to A- andPD-cases. A-cases have declined from about 10 500 in 1983 to 5 500 in 1993, while PD-caseshave increased from 800 to 3000 during the same period. In 1993 52% of the A-cases had BACs between 0,05 and 0,15 per cent, and 41% higher than0,15 per cent. 63% of the PD-cases contained PD, most often THC, amphetamine andbenzodiazepines, the latter often in combination with other drugs or in highconcentrations, 26% had BACs between 0,05 and 0,15 per cent, and 17% higher than 0,15 percent. Additional analyses for PD in all A-samples during two months revealed such drugs inapproximately 15% of the cases. Combination of our data gave the total picture in thewhole national sample of drivers apprehended under the suspicion of drunken or druggeddriving: A only (above 0,05 per cent) 51%, PD only 18%, A+PD 14% and 18% contained neitherA nor PD. PD were present in 39% of cases with positive analytical results. This studyappears to be the first conducted on a total national material focusing on PD and revealeda high prevalence of drugged driving. INTRODUCTION The Norwegian road traffic act prohibits driving under the influence of alcohol and/orother psychoactive drugs. Per year approximately 8000 - 9000 drivers are apprehended bythe police on the suspicion of either drunk or drugged driving. In all these cases a bloodsample is taken shortly after the apprehension, and this sample is subsequently analyzedby a single national institute. The analysis for foreign substances is directed by therequest from the police. The samples are routinely stored for more than one year. They cantherefore be screened for other drugs than originally asked for retrospectively, in asystematic manner. This was done in the present study with all samples arriving during twomonths of 1993. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of alcohol and/or otherdrugs in drivers as a group being suspected for influenced driving regardless of theprimary suspicion of the cause of their influence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Design The material consisted of the routine samples (10-20 ml whole blood in Therumo venojecttubes) sent to the National Institute of Forensic Toxicology (NIFT) from roadside trafficcases in the months February and September 1993. These were ordinary samples taken on therequest by the police on the suspicion of influenced driving. The reason for the suspicionwas seldomly given in the police documents, but was from other studies known to bestrange, reckless, dangerous driving or involvement in accidents in the majority of cases.In total the institute received 1197 blood samples from drivers suspected of driving underthe influence during these two months. In 739 cases the primary suspicion was influence ofalcohol, in 458 cases drugs were suspected as the sole or additional cause of influence.When the analytical work required by the police was finished, all samples were analyzedfor the substances indicated below (analytical). This was performed by noting the resultsobtained for those analyses already being performed for the police, anonymizing thesamples, coding the results and then subjecting the samples to analysis for the rest ofthe foreign substances included in this study. Analytical All blood samples were analyzed for alcohol (ethanol) by gaschromatography (GC) and anenzymatic (ADH) method, and screened for the following drugs: benzodiazepines,barbiturates, amphetamines, cocaine, cannabinoids, opiates, other strong analgesics,tricyclic antidepressants, neuroleptics, antihistamines and central muscle relaxants onappropriate immunologic and gas chromatographic methods used by NIFT for routine work.Positive results were confirmed by GC/MS-, HPLC- or GC methods and the substances werequantified versus calibrator samples made from dilutions of the respective pure compoundsin blood bank blood. The results were corrected for losses during analysis by use ofappropriate internal standards. RESULTS The prevalence of positive alcohol and drug findings in the material ispresented in Table 1. Samples with BACs of 0.05% (the lowest legal limit in Norway) orlower were considered as negative in this Table. Table 1 Distribution of Findings of Alcohol and other Psychoactive Drugs in Samples fromDrivers Suspected of Driving Under the Influence n % female (%) male(%) median age (years) Total 1197 100 8 92 29 Alcohol (>0.05%) Only 658 55 7 93 28 Drugs only 196 16 9 91 29 Alcohol and drugs 166 14 5 95 31 Neither alcohol nor drugs 177 15 12 88 29 It is seen from Table 1 that alcohol was found in 69 per cent of the cases, while thecorresponding percentage for psychoactive drugs was 30. The low percentage of women,specially in the group combining alcohol and drugs is notable. The latter group hadaccordingly the highest male percentage and also the highest median age. In Table 2 the distribution of drug findings is presented by BAC level.It is seen that the highest fraction of drug detections was found in alcohol negativesamples. It was also interesting to observe that a substantial percentage of samples withalcohol also contained drugs. This percentage decreased somewhat from 25 to 18, byincreasing BAC. Table 2 Distribution of Cases with Detection of Psychoactive Drugs BAC (%) n (total) n (with drugs) drug positive (in%) 0 259 167 64 0.0-0.05 114 29 25 0.051-0.10 179 39 22 0.101-0.15 220 50 23 >0,15 425 77 18 The cases with positive drug findings are presented in more detail inTable 3. This Table presents the material divided in five main groups, according towhether benzodiazepines, THC, amphetamine, opiates or other drugs had been found,mentioned in falling order of frequency of detection. The Table should be read e.g. forbenzodiazepines that these drugs were detected in 206 samples. In 19 of these 206 samplesonly one single benzodiazepine was found, in 103 cases alcohol was present besidesbenzodiazepine(s), in 23 cases more than one benzodiazepine was found, in 54 cases THC wasfound in addition to benzodiazepine(s) etc. It is seen from Table 3 that the sum of thedetections of the 5 main groups (n=526) exceeds the sum of drug positive cases (n=362).This was because many cases contained more than one drug. The details of these drug-drugcombinations can be read from the subgroups, "with---". For all five main groupsfinding of the main drug alone, was rather the exception than the rule. Amphetamine caseshad the highest frequency of measuring the main drug only (25%). In all groupscombinations of three different drugs were seen, most frequently in benzodiazepine and THCcases. The majority of cases in which only a single drug was found exhibited substantialdrug concentrations. This indicated supratherapeutic doses of medicinal drugs and recentuse of illegal drugs. Finally other medicinal drugs than benzodiazepines were seldomlyfound. The main contribution to "other drugs" was made by psychoactive centralacting muscle relaxants and paracetamol ( acetaminophene). Only one case with aneuroleptic drug was seen, and no cases with antidepressants and antihistamines. Table 3 Drug Detections in Samples Containing Psychoactive Drugs (N=362) Main drug Benzodiazepines THC Amphetamine Opiates Other drugs Total 206 147 81 58 34 Single main drug only 19 33 20 8 11 With BAC>0.05% 103 61 5 21 17 With (other) benzodiaz. 23 54 38 19 11 With THC 54 - 39 13 1 With amphetamine 38 39 - 5 1 With opiate 19 13 5 - 4 With other drug 11 1 1 4 - DISCUSSION This study shows that the main finding in blood samples from subjects being suspectedfor driving under the influence is alcohol, which was found above the legal limit in 69per cent of the samples. More surprising was the detection of psychoactive drugs in 30 percent of the samples from people suspected for influenced driving. Thus in 35 per cent ofsamples where any detection (alcohol, other drugs) was made some psychoactive drug otherthan alcohol was found. There are few published studies available for comparison. In otherstudies drugs have been found in 7 to 30 per cent of blood samples from fatally injureddrivers as reported from some countries ( for references see Gjerde et al, 1993). Forliving drivers who have not been subject to some kind of selection after apprehensionbefore blood analysis, there are few published data. In a comparable smaller material fromNorway, similar findings, as in the present study, were reported (Christophersen et al,1990). In a Danish study it was found that 5.5 per cent of drivers suspected for drunkendriving only had diazepam/N-desmethyldiazepam in their blood samples (Worm et al, 1985).In another report it was found that every third driver suspected to drive influenced byalcohol had another drug in his urine (Holmgren et al, 1985). Drugs can, however, bedetected in urine for much longer time periods than in blood, long after their influenceof the central nervous system has disappeared. In the present study blood was the onlymatrix analyzed. Our results, therefore, indicate recent use before driving. The frequentdetection of illicit drugs, alone or in combinations, and the finding of supratherapeuticconcentrations of therapeutic drugs in our material was accompanied by almost lack offinding of therapeutic drugs in therapeutic concentrations. Thus drivers on therapeuticdrug regimens seemed to be represented very seldomly in suspicious driving calling theattention from the police. On the other hand these results probably reflect that peoplewho are drug abusers often drive, and then in a way that gives rise to reaction from thepolice. The high concentrations found as well as the frequent detection of combinations inthe present study, indicated that influence of driving ability was likely in the majorityof the cases with detection of psychoactive drugs. Norway is a modern industrialized western European country with a mixture ofurban/suburban and rural population in the ratio 2:3. The size of the country is large(approx. 325 000 km2) compared to the population (4.3 million). The number of vehicles isabout 3 million. The drug problems are considered to be rather below than above theEuropean mean. Our finding that a psychoactive drug other than alcohol is involved inevery third case under suspicion of influenced driving in this country comes from anon-selected, nationwide material. It can therefore probably to some extent be consideredto be representative for other nations also. Differences in the awareness by the police ofthis problem, different legislation and other factors may contribute to variations betweencountries with regard to the real prevalence of the problem as well as to its discovery.Some generalizations appear, however, to be possible to make. The focus on alcohol shouldnot mislead us to forget other drugs that could be present very often in suspectedinfluenced driving cases. Thus a negative or low breath-alcohol test should not be used asthe only measure to free a person from further investigation in suspected driving cases.Accordingly, the look for better tests to discover influenced driving due to other drugsthan alcohol should be intensified. REFERENCES Christophersen, A.S., Gjerde H., Bjrneboe, A., Sakshaug, J. and Mrland, J.Screening for drug use among Norwegian drivers suspected of driving under influence ofalcohol and drugs. Forensic Sci. Int., 45:5-14, 1990. Gjerde, H., Beylich, K-M. and Mrland, J. Incidence of alcohol and drugs in fatallyinjured drivers in Norway. Accid. Anal. and Prev., 25:479-483, 1993. Holmgren, P., Loch, E. and Schuberth, J. Drugs in motorists traveling Swedish roads: Onthe road detection of intoxicated drivers and screening for drugs in these offenders.Forensic Sci. Int., 27:57-65, 1985. Worm, K., Christensen, H. and Steentoft, A. Diazepam in blood of Danish drivers:Occurrence as shown by gas-liquid chromatographic assay following radioreceptor screening.J. of Forensic Sci. Soc., 25:407-413, 1985.
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