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Southern California Criminal Defense and DUI Lawyer - Areas of Practice - California Drunk Driving Information - San Diego DWI Attorneys Contact Us Now Other Areas DMV Matters California Drunk Driving DUI Checkpoints Los Angeles DUI Orange County DUI San Diego DUI Long Beach DUI Inland Empire DUI Field Sobriety Tests Criminal Law Drunk in Public Speed Citations Burglary Narcotics and Drugs Assault and Battery Domestic Violence Immigration Hit and Run Juvenile Defense Forgery and Fraud Expungement Personal Injury and Civil Estate Planning Warrant Alternative Sentencing SAN DIEGO DWI ATTORNEYS San Diego DUI Welcome to our San Diego DUI and Drunk Driving Information page, your source of legal information about driving under the influence laws, DUI penalties, DMV driver's license suspensions, DUI/DWI lawyers, criminal courts, blood-alcohol evidence, car insurance after a DUI, and police investigative procedures in San Diego County, California. Police Agencies, Procedures, and your Legal Rights: Persons prosecuted in San Diego were likely arrested by one of the following agencies: San Diego Police Department San Diego County Sheriff San Diego Harbor Police Department Carlsbad Police Department Chula Vista Police Department Coronado Police Department Escondido Police Department La Mesa Police Department San Diego County District Attorney San Diego County Marshal's Office San Diego State University Police Department University of California Police San Diego University of San Diego Department of Public Safety Police Procedures: The law requires that an officer have probable cause before you are arrested. Typically, the training for officers as well as case law, requires police to establish probable cause by a violation of the law, an accident, and observations of the physical manifestation of intoxication. This is subjective, and many agencies require that Standardized Field Sobriety Tests be given, correctly, and perhaps a field breathalyzer, or PAS machine, to establish alcohol in your blood. Your Miranda warnings, or the "reading of your rights", also require that you be advised or warned before they take testimony from you after arrest. Your Rights: You have the right to refuse the FST's, and you have the right not to state anything that may incriminate you. You even have the right to refuse a blood, breath, or urine test, but if you do so, your license will be suspended for one year. You always have the right to be treated fairly by the police, and for the police to not use unreasonable force against you during arrest. How can I estimate my Blood-Alcohol Level? Use our Blood Alcohol Level (BAC) Calculator . DUI Charges (The Law) The California Vehicle Code, specifically, VC section 23152(a) and 23152(b), sets the law on DUI cases, and states as follows: VC 23152: (a) It is unlawful for any person who is under the influence of any alcoholic beverage or drug, or under the combined influence of any alcoholic beverage and drug, to drive a vehicle. (b) It is unlawful for any person who has 0.08 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood to drive a vehicle. For purposes of this article and Section 34501.16, percent, by weight, of alcohol in a person's blood is based upon grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. The two sections above are typically charged together. The first has to do with your ability to safely operate a motor vehicle, irregardless of your blood alcohol level. The second, or (b) count, requires that you have a .08% blood alcohol content, or BAC, by weight, California's "legal limit". The term "alcoholic beverage and drug" or "alcoholic beverage or drug" in the (a), or first count, does not mean that you were driving with drugs in your system, but that either alcohol or drugs, or both, were found at the time of driving, not that you in fact did have both in your system. Your Driver's License and the DMV: THE DMV REQUIRES THAT YOU ACT WITHIN ONLY TEN DAYS (not business days) from the date of your arrest to protect your driving privileges. It is best, if you are going to retain an attorney, to allow the attorney's office to schedule the DMV hearing for you. Our fee includes this service, and we can schedule a hearing that works with our availability (court and DMV) schedule. For your convenience, if you cannot retain an attorney within 10 days, the phone numbers for all San Diego DMV matters, to do so, is reproduced here: The San Diego Office of Driver Safety: phone: (858) 627-3901 fax: (858) 627-3925 9174 Sky Park Court, Suite 200, 92123-2666 When you call, advise them that you are retaining an attorney, that you request a stay on your driver's license suspension, and that you will be sending a written request for discovery. They will ask if you request an "in person" or "telephonic" hearing, and we recommend that you set it for an in person, for reasons I am happy to discuss during our consultation. By making this request you ensure that that your driving privilege will not be suspended until your case is heard. At the DMV hearing, a hearing officer will conduct the hearing. His or her function is to prosecute the case and make a final decision based on the evidence presented. Your need to drive or your need for a driver's license for work are not considered relevant and cannot be considered at the hearing. Likewise, you cannot apply for a "hardship" license based upon medical, employment, or education right to drive, unless you are under age 21. At your hearing, only the following issues will be discussed, by law: (If you took a blood, breath or urine test) Did the officer have reasonable cause to believe you were driving a motor vehicle in violation of Vehicle Code 23140, 23152 or 23153? Were you placed under lawful arrest? Were you driving a motor vehicle when you had a 0.08% or more by weight of alcohol in your blood or 0.05% or more if under age 21? Prosecutors: San Diego County Drunk Driving or DUI violations within the city of San Diego, as well as infraction or municipal code violations within San Diego, are handled by the San Diego City Attorney's Office: San Diego City Attorney All other San Diego DUI or criminal cases are handled by the San Diego County District Attorney: San Diego County District Attorney San Diego DUI Defense Attorneys: San Diego Public Defender's Office Robert Miller and Associates Court Locations and Phone Numbers: The San Diego County Court System has five Locations where San Diego County DUI cases may be prosecuted, depending upon which court had jurisdiction over the location where the arrest took place: San Diego Courthouse 220 West Broadway San Diego, California 92101 phone: (619) 685-6220 Criminal Records (General) Phone: (619) 531-3040 North County Regional Center (Vista Courthouse) 325 South Melrose Vista, California 92081 Phone: (760) 726-9595 East County Regional Center (El Cajon Courthouse) 250 East Main Street El Cajon, California 92020 Phone: (619) 441-4342 South County Regional Center (Chula Vista Courthouse) 500 3rd Avenue Chula Vista, California 91910 Phone: (619) 691-4736 San Diego Juvenile Courts 2851 Meadowlark Drive San Diego, California 92123 Phone: (858) 694-4601 What may happen to my insurance? There are two ways insurance companies generally deal with customers convicted of a DUI in Orange County. First, your insurer will likely raise your insurance premiums and label you a high-risk driver if it finds out you've been convicted of DUI. In this case, you'll likely have to file proof of insurance for three years minimum with the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Your insurance company will have to provide the DMV with an SR-22 form, which removes your license suspension and replaces it with a restriction by providing the California DMV with proof of insurance. An SR-22 also means your insurance company is required to notify the DMV if it cancels your insurance for any reason. Most state laws require persons that DUI convicts to get an SR-22 from their insurers, so you can't hide. In addition, your company may cancel your insurance mid-term or terminate the policy at the end of the term because of your DUI conviction, especially if you are currently in a preferred class. Your company will send you a notice stating why you've been canceled, and then you'll have to find another insurer while having a cancellation on your claims history. Some insurance companies don't offer SR-22 policies, so you may also be non-renewed or canceled because your company can no longer provide what you need. Insurance Links: California Department of Insurance Great link for California insurance questions and facts. Insurance Information Institute Excellent Link for insurance questions and facts. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Good link for transportation safety in the USA. National Association of Insurance Commissioners Information about insurance commissioner contacts in all states. A.M. Best Insurance Information Services The definitive guide to rating insurance companies in the USA. Insurance Information Network of California An excellent resource site for general information questions in California. San Diego County DUI Legal Research Links: San Diego County Sheriff's Inmate and Booking Log (Who's In Jail) San Diego County Outstanding Warrants San Diego County Law Library San Diego County Ordinances (San Diego Municipal Code) San Diego County Rules of Court San Diego County DUI Local Service Phone Numbers: Alcoholics Anonymous Central Office (619) 825-4700. Gamblers Anonymous (GA) Hotline (619) 239-2911. Medical Aid for Indigents (619) 236-7501. Narcotics Anonymous Central Office, (619) 584-1007. Nicotine Anonymous Hotline (760) 781-5070. Overeaters Anonymous Central Office (619) 5633-4606 or (619) 563-4607. Salvation Army Rehab Center, (619) 239-4037. Supplemental Food Program (SHARE) (800) 773-7427. Veterans Affairs Alcohol & Drug Treatment, (619) 552-7560 San Diego City Help: non-profit support group for persons with herpes. Support group meets first Thursday of month and medical information third Thursday at UCSD Medical Center, Hillcrest. Info (619) 491-1194 Professional Organizations: American Bar Association Association of Federal Defense Attorneys Bar Associations California Attorneys for Criminal Justice (CACJ) California District Attorneys Association California Public Defenders Association Los Angeles County Bar Association National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers National Association of Drug Court Professionals National Criminal Defense College National Lawyers Guild National Legal Aid & Defender Association San Diego Bar Association The State Bar of California Home | About the Firm | Areas of Practice | Law Resources | Contact Us Home Areas of Practice California Drunk Driving Information San Diego DWI Attorneys © Robert Miller and Associates, All Rights Reserved Legal Disclaimer Toll-Free Phone: (877) 568-2977 eMail: info@expertlawfirm.com Site Map



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Michigan DUI Criminal Defense Attorney Lawyer Home Contact Us Sitemap Firm Overview News Arrested in Michigan? We Can Help Michigan Laws › - Michigan Traffic Laws - Michigan Drunk Driving Laws Crimes › - Michigan DUI Criminal Sentencing - OUIL/OWI/UBAL Alcohol Assessment - Michigan Criminal Expungement - Violation of Probation, Assault & Battery Other States design: ElyDesign Studio 734-507-1333 or call our Toll Free, 24-hour Hotline at: 877-MY-CRIME (877-692-7463) Contact Us Contact The Law Office of Joseph F. Awad, P.C. for a Consultation with Michigan's Premier Aggressive and Experienced Michigan DUI Criminal Defense Attorney, Detroit Metropolitan Area Criminal Law Lawyer, OUIL Michigan DUI, OUIL, DWI UBAL defense firm. The firm handles all criminal defense matters, including: Felonies, Misdemeanors, DUI OUIL in Michigan, Violation of Probation, Larceny, Michigan OUIL, Assualt and Battery, Drug Trafficking, Drug Possession, Drunk Driving, Driving under the Influence, Domestic Violence, Retail Fraud and more. Click Here for Maps & Directions 30300 Northwestern Highway, Suite 250 Farmington Hills, MI 48334 By Phone: 734-507-1333 Or call our toll-free, 24 hour hotline at: 877-MY-CRIME (877-692-7463) By e-mail: jawad@michiganowi.com By Fax: 248-545-2353 Submit our Online Information Form for a FREE Consultation Name: Address: City: State: Zip: Phone: Fax: Email Address: Please enter your comments in the area below: Home | Contact Us | Sitemap Firm Overview | News | Arrested in Michigan? | We Can Help | Michigan Laws | Crimes | Other States Michigan Drunk Driving Law, Michigan DUI Legislation, Michigan Criminal Courthouses, Michigan OWI DWI OUIL DUI Breath Instruments, Michigan DMV Offices. ©2004 Joseph F.Awad Disclaimer: The information you obtain at this site is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. Please consult an attorney for individual advice regarding your own situation.



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OKLAHOMA DUI LAW › Free Consultation Find a DUI LAWS Lawyer :: Select Your State :: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington DC West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming › About 1800 DUI LAWS › DUI Laws by State › DUI Arrests by State › Drinking and Driving › Your First DUI › DUI Drugs › DUI Laws Dictionary › BAC Calculator › Field Sobriety Tests › Driver License › The Science › Breathalyzers › Jail Alternatives › Ignition Interlock › Criminal Courts › Designated Drivers › DUI Insurance › DUI Schools › Tell a Friend //-- › Order Your DMV Record › Link to DUI LAWS › Contact Us › Why Expungement? › Expungement 101 › Felony Expungement › Rehabilitation & Pardon › Case Evaluation › Traffic School Info › About The Content › About The Quizzes › About The Final Exam › Student Comments › DUI Chat › For Attorneys Only › Website Development Oklahoma DUI LAW Choose your Oklahoma county to locate a DUI LAW Lawyer in your area. :: Select a County :: Adair County Alfalfa County Atoka County Beaver County Beckham County Blaine County Bryan County Caddo County Canadian County Carter County Cherokee County Choctaw County Cimarron County Cleveland County Coal County Comanche County Cotton County Craig County Creek County Custer County Delaware County Dewey County Ellis County Garfield County Garvin County Grady County Grant County Greer County Harmon County Harper County Haskell County Hughes County Jackson County Jefferson County Johnston County Kay County Kingfisher County Kiowa County Latimer County Le Flore County Lincoln County Logan County Love County McClain County McCurtain County McIntosh County Major County Marshall County Mayes County Murray County Muskogee County Noble County Nowata County Okfuskee County Oklahoma County Okmulgee County Osage County Ottawa County Pawnee County Payne County Pittsburg County Pontotoc County Pottawatomie County Pushmataha County Roger Mills County Rogers County Seminole County Sequoyah County Stephens County Texas County Tillman County Tulsa County Wagoner County Washington County Washita County Woods County Woodward County Oklahoma counties - map view IF YOUVE BEEN ARRESTED FOR DUI, OKLAHOMA APC, OR DWI (OR A RELATED OFFENSE) IN OKLAHOMA, YOU HAVE ONLY 15 DAYS FROM THE DATE OF ARREST TO REQUEST A HEARING WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY. PLEASE CONTACT A SKILLED OKLAHOMA DUI DEFENSE ATTORNEY AT ONCE TO PROTECT YOUR RIGHTS. RETAINING A DUI ATTORNEY WILL DRAMATICALLY INCREASE THE CHANCES OF SAVING YOUR LICENSE. Oklahoma DUI arrests trigger two separate cases: First, there is the Oklahoma DUI criminal case, where a variety of criminal punishments can be imposed by the court. These DUI punishments may include fines, jail, mandatory alcohol education, ignition interlock devices ordered, and more. However, every Oklahoma DUI arrest also gives rise to a separate civil action against that person's Oklahoma driving privileges. NOTE: IT IS URGENT THAT YOU CONTACT AN EXPERIENCED OKLAHOMA DUI DEFENSE ATTORNEY AT ONCE TO PROTECT YOUR DRIVER'S LICENSE IF YOU'VE BEEN CHARGED WITH A DRUNK DRIVING RELATED OFFENSE IN OKLAHOMA. The Department of Public Safety (DPS) is trying to take away your driver's license . Oklahoma DUI cases therefore have two separate components, and each must be addressed separately. A qualified Oklahoma DUI defense lawyer will know how to protect you in both areas of the law. Criminal Court There are three basic alcohol related offenses: DUI - Oklahoma DUI charges may be filed on either of two theories. First, Oklahoma DUI will be filed if someone is driving while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. The consideration of whether or not someone is "under the influence" for purposes of Oklahoma DUI laws relates to whether or not the person's driving abilities have been legally impaired by the consumption of alcohol and/or drugs . Oklahoma DUI charges can also be brought against someone based purely on body chemistry, no matter how well they are driving. Oklahoma, like many other states, has a "per se" law, which means that it is a violation of Oklahoma DUI law to drive with a blood or breath alcohol level of .08% BAC or more. Under the first theory of Oklahoma DUI prosecution, the focus is on the condition of the driver, and whether or not they are able to drive with the caution characteristic of a sober person . Under the second theory of Oklahoma DUI prosecution, the focus is not on the driver, but only on the driver’s body chemistry. Oklahoma DUI punishment and penalties for a first-offense DUI can include a fine, a jail sentence that can reach up to one year, the possibility of mandatory in patient treatment (if the breath test is .15% BAC or higher), 480 hours of community service , and ignition interlock on all vehicles. Oklahoma DUI punishment for people with prior drunk driving convictions will increase substantially, both in terms of the court case and the driver’s license consequences from the DPS. It is not unheard of for Oklahoma DUI convictions to include fines of up to $5,000.00 and jail terms of up to 10 years, plus all of the other Oklahoma DUI consequences outlined above. It is possible to suffer a vehicle forfeiture because of an Oklahoma DUI conviction. Counsel with an experienced Oklahoma drunk driving defense attorney is critical, especially if someone accused of DUI in Oklahoma has prior DUI, DWI, or drunk driving convictions. top APC - Related to Oklahoma DUI is the charge of Oklahoma APC. Oklahoma APC means being in Actual Physical Control of a vehicle while they are under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs . However, Oklahoma APC charges are different than Oklahoma DUI charges, in that the crime of APC does not require that the vehicle be driven. Oklahoma APC only requires that the car could be driven. Oklahoma APC charges are typically brought where someone is parked while under the influence of alcohol, and could drive if he or she wanted to. NOTE: OKLAHOMA DUI LAW DECLARES THAT THIS CRIME IS, FOR ALL INTENTS AND PURPOSES, THE IDENTICAL TO AN OKLAHOMA DUI . IT CARRIES THE SAME PUNISHMENTS AND PENALTIES AS OUTLINED ABOVE. A QUALIFIED OKLAHOMA DUI DEFENSE ATTORNEY CAN EXPLAIN SUBTELTIES OF THE TWO. DWI - Oklahoma DWI refers to the charge of Driving While Impaired by alcohol, NOT Driving While Intoxicated . Oklahoma DWI is charged against the driver who has an alcohol level below .08% BAC . Oklahoma DWI charges carry lesser punishment than Oklahoma DUI charges. However, if you or someone you care about is charged with Oklahoma DWI, consultation with an experienced Oklahoma drunk driving defense lawyer is still advisable , as the consequences are potentially severe. top Driver's License Case NOTE: IF YOU'VE BEEN ARRESTED FOR OKLAHOMA DUI, APC, OR DWI, YOU HAVE ONLY 15 DAYS TO REQUEST A HEARING. FAILURE TO DO SO WILL RESULT IN THE AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION OF YOUR DRIVING PRIVILEGES COMMENCING 30 DAYS AFTER THE DUI ARREST. CONSULT A QUALIFIED DUI ATTORNEY FOR IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE. Oklahoma DUI arrests (and Oklahoma APC arrests) trigger both a criminal court case and a driver’s license case. When someone is arrested for a DUI or APC in Oklahoma, a breath or blood test is offered. The Department of Public Safety (DPS) will revoke the driver’s license from six (6) months to three (3) years (depending on the person’s prior record) if you refuse OR fail this test. A test result of a breath/blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08% BAC or more (.02% BAC or more if under 21 years old) is considered to be a failure of the test. Any driving during this revocation period will result in additional charges of driving on a suspended license. The only way to stop the suspension of your Oklahoma driving privileges is to request the DPS Hearing within 15 days of arrest. This Hearing Request has nothing to do with the court date. While it may be possible to obtain a work permit in certain circumstances, it is critical to contact an experienced Oklahoma DUI defense attorney at once to protect your rights. If you’ve been accused of Oklahoma DUI, it is imperative that you contact an Oklahoma drunk driving defense lawyer for a FREE case evaluation. :: Previous page :: :: top :: | Site map | Terms and Conditions | Legal Disclaimer | Privacy Policy | Contact us at 1 800 DUI LAWS | 1 800 DUI LAWS. All rights reserved.



Blood Alcohol Level

Physiology / Alcohol and the Human Body / Alcohol Properties //-- Alcohol and the Human Body Alcohol's Properties 1 Alcohol is a general term denoting a family of organic chemicals with common properties. Members of this family include ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and others. This introduction discusses the physical, chemical, and physiological aspects of the most commonly ingested of these - ethanol. Alcohol (ethanol) is a clear, volatile liquid that burns (oxidizes) easily. It has a slight, characteristic odor and is very soluble in water. Alcohol is an organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; its chemical formula is C2H5OH. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and it is the central nervous system which is the bodily system that is most severely affected by alcohol (see chart below). The degree to which the central nervous system function is impaired is directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood 2 . When ingested, alcohol passes from the stomach into the small intestine, where it is rapidly absorbed into the blood and distributed throughout the body. Because it is distributed so quickly and thoroughly the alcohol can affect the central nervous system even in small concentrations. In low concentrations, alcohol reduces inhibitions. As blood alcohol concentration increases, a person's response to stimuli decreases markedly, speech becomes slurred, and he or she becomes unsteady and has trouble walking. With very high concentrations - greater than 0.35 grams/100 milliliters of blood (equivalent to 0.35 grams/210 liters of breath ) - a person can become comatose and die. The American Medical Association has defined the blood alcohol concentration level of impairment for all people to be 0.04 grams/100 milliliters of blood (equivalent to .04 grams/210 liters of breath). The following is a generally accepted guide to the effects of alcohol. Stages of alcohol intoxication 3 3 BAC (g/100 ml of blood or g/210 l of breath) Stage Clinical symptoms 0.01 - 0.05 Subclinical Behavior nearly normal by ordinary observation 0.03 - 0.12 Euphoria Mild euphoria, sociability, talkitiveness Increased self-confidence; decreased inhibitions Diminution of attention, judgment and control Beginning of sensory-motor impairment Loss of efficiency in finer performance tests 0.09 - 0.25 Excitement Emotional instability; loss of critical judgment Impairment of perception, memory and comprehension Decreased sensitory response; increased reaction time Reduced visual acuity; peripheral vision and glare recovery Sensory-motor incoordination; impaired balance Drowsiness 0.18 - 0.30 Confusion Disorientation, mental confusion; dizziness Exaggerated emotional states Disturbances of vision and of perception of color, form, motion and dimensions Increased pain threshold Increased muscular incoordination; staggering gait; slurred speech Apathy, lethargy 0.25 - 0.40 Stupor General inertia; approaching loss of motor functions Markedly decreased response to stimuli Marked muscular incoordination; inability to stand or walk Vomiting; incontinence Impaired consciousness; sleep or stupor 0.35 - 0.50 Coma Complete unconsciousness Depressed or abolished reflexes Subnormal body temperature Incontinence Impairment of circulation and respiration Possible death 0.45 + Death Death from respiratory arrest Absorption 4 Alcohol is absorbed from all parts of the gastrointestinal tract largely by simple diffusion into the blood. However the small intestine is by far the most efficient region of the gastrointestinal tract for alcohol absorption because of its very large surface area. In a fasting individual, it is generally agreed that 20% to 25% of a dose of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and 75% to 80% is absorbed from the small intestine. Because of this peak blood alcohol concentrations are achieved in fasting people within 0.5 to 2.0 hours, (average 0.75 - 1.35 hours depending upon dose and time of last meal) while non-fasting people exhibit peak alcohol concentrations within 1.0, and in extreme cases up to as much as 6.0 hours (average 1.06 - 2.12 hours). Distribution Alcohol has a high affinity for water and is therefore found in body tissues and fluids inasmuch as they contain water. Absorbed alcohol is rapidly carried throughout the body in the blood and once absorption of alcohol is complete an equilibrium occurs such that blood at all points in the system contains approximately the same concentration of alcohol. Elimination The liver is responsible for the elimination - through metabolism - of 95% of ingested alcohol from the body. The remainder of the alcohol is eliminated through excretion of alcohol in breath, urine, sweat, feces, milk and saliva. The body uses several different metabolic pathways in its oxidation of alcohol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water. Healthy people metabolize alcohol at a fairly consistent rate. As a rule of thumb, a person will eliminate one average drink or .5 oz (15 ml) of alcohol per hour. Several factors influence this rate. The rate of elimination tends to be higher when the blood alcohol concentration in the body is very high or very low. Also chronic alcoholics may (depending on liver health) metabolize alcohol at a significantly higher rate than average. Finally, the body's ability to metabolize alcohol quickly tend to diminish with age. Body Weight and Body Type In general, the less you weigh the more you will be affected by a given amount of alcohol. As detailed above, alcohol has a high affinity for water. Basically one's blood alcohol concentration is a function of the total amount of alcohol in one's system divided by total body water. So for two individuals with similar body compositions and different weights, the larger individual will achieve lower alcohol concentrations than the smaller one if ingesting the same amount of alcohol. However, for people of the same weight, a well muscled individual will be less affected than someone with a higher percentage of fat since fatty tissue does not contain very much water and will not absorb very much alcohol. Rate Of Consumption Blood alcohol concentration depends on the amount of alcohol consumed and the rate at which the user's body metabolizes alcohol. Because the body metabolizes alcohol at a fairly constant rate (somewhat more quickly at higher and lower alcohol concentrations), ingesting alcohol at a rate higher than the rate of elimination results in a cumulative effect and an increasing blood alcohol concentration. Alcohol Content It's not how many drinks that you have, but how much alcohol that you consume. As you can see from the chart below some drinks are more potent than others. Alcohol Content of Some Typical Drinks 5 Drink Alcohol Content Manhattan 1.15 oz. (34 ml) Dry Martini 1.00 oz. (30 ml) Malt liquor -12 oz. (355 ml) 0.71 oz. (21 ml) Airline miniature 0.70 oz. (21 ml) Whiskey Sour/Highball 0.60 oz. (18 ml) Table Wine - 5 oz. (148 ml) 0.55 oz. (16 ml) Beer - 12 oz. (355 ml) 0.54 oz. (16 ml) Reduced Alcohol Beer 0.28 oz. (8 ml) Mixed drinks are based on typical drink recipes using 80 proof liquor . The amount of alcohol in actual mixed drinks may vary. Alcohol Content (in Percent) of Selected Beverages 6 Beverage Alcohol Content (%) Beers (lager) 3.2 - 4.0 Ales 4.5 Porter 6.0 Stout 6.0 - 8.0 Malt Liquor 3.2 - 7.0 Sake 14.0 - 16.0 Table wines 7.1 - 14.0 Sparkling wines 8.0 - 14.0 Fortified wines 14.0 - 24.0 Aromatized wines 15.5 - 20.0 Brandies 40.0 - 43.0 Whiskies 40.0 - 75.0 Vodkas 40.0 - 50.0 Gin 40.0 - 48.5 Rum 40.0 - 95.0 Aquavit 35.0 - 45.0 Okolehao 40.0 Tequila 45.0 - 50.5 The concentration of the drinks that one ingest can have a slight effect on the peak alcohol concentration due to the differences in absorption rate of different concentrations of alcohol. Alcohol is most rapidly absorbed when the concentration of the drink is between 10% and 30%. Below 10% the concentration gradient in the gastrointestinal tract is low and slows absorption and the added volumes of liquid involved slow gastric emptying. On the other hand concentrations higher than 30% tend to irritate the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and the pyloric sphincter, causing increased secretion of mucous and delayed gastric emptying. Food Food taken along with alcohol results in a lower, delayed blood alcohol concentration peak (the point of greatest intoxication). There are two major factors involved in this phenomenon. First, because alcohol is absorbed most efficiently in the small intestine, the ingestion of food can slow down the absorption of alcohol into one's system. The pyloric valve at the bottom of the stomach will close in order to hold food in the stomach for digestion and thus keep the alcohol from reaching the small intestine. While alcohol will be absorbed from the stomach it is a slower and less efficient transition. Second and equally important is the fact that alcohol elimination rates are inversely proportional to alcohol concentration in the blood. Therefore the suppressed levels of alcohol due to food ingestion cause the body to eliminate the alcohol that is absorbed at a faster rate. The type of food ingested (carbohydrate, fat, protein) has not been shown to have a measurable influence on this affect but the larger the meal and closer in time between eating and drinking, the greater the diminution of peak alcohol concentration. Studies have shown reductions in peak alcohol concentration (as opposed to those of a fasting individual under otherwise similar circumstances) of 9% to 23%. Medication If you are taking any medication, it could increase the effects of alcohol. You should always consult your physician or the medical information that accompanies the medication when drinking alcohol in conjunction with any medication. Fatigue Fatigue causes many of the same symptoms that are caused by alcohol intoxication. These and other symptoms will be amplified if alcohol intoxication is concurrent with fatigue. Tolerance Tolerance is the diminution of the effectiveness of a drug after a period of prolonged or heavy use of that drug or a related drug (cross-tolerance). There are two types of tolerance at work with alcohol. The first is metabolic tolerance in which the alcohol is metabolized at a higher rate (up to 72% more quickly) in chronic users. Because of the higher metabolic rate for alcohol lower peak blood alcohol concentrations are achieved by chronic alcohol users than the average drinker when the same amount of alcohol is ingested. The second is functional tolerance in which there is an actual change in the organ or system's sensitivity to the drug. Studies have shown that chronic alcohol users can have twice the tolerance for alcohol as an average person. It is important to note however that even in light of these tolerance factors, it has been shown conclusively that even in heavy alcohol users functional impairment is clearly measurable at the blood alcohol concentration levels that are currently used for traffic law enforcement and safety sensitive job performance. Gender Differences As outlined above in the section on Body Weight and Body Type different body types coincide with different body water percentages. In general, but by no means in all cases, women tend to have a higher percentage of body fat and thus a lower percentage of body water. Therefore, in general, if a man and a woman of the same weight ingest the same amount of alcohol the woman will tend to achieve a higher alcohol concentration. This, of course, would not be true if the woman was very fit and the man was somewhat obese, but on average, this is the case. Furthermore, total body water tends to decrease with age, so an older person will also be more affected by the same amount of alcohol. According to the table below the differences in alcohol concentration due to average body composition differences based on gender would be between 16% and 10% depending on age. Average Total Body Water as a function of Sex and Age Age Male Female 18 to 40 61% 52% over 60 51% 46% Another gender based difference is in the elimination of alcohol. Although not explained, studies appear to show that women eliminate alcohol from their bodies at a rate 10% greater than that of men. 1995-2006 Intoximeters, Inc. Site Map Site Problems? Email Webmaster



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