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U.S. Department of Transportation - NHTSA - Development of a Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Training Management System - Introduction - DOT HS 809 400 - November 2001 Introduction This report presents the results of a study conducted for the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration to develop a model system for managingStandardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) training within a state. The report ispresented in three sections. This brief Introduction discusses the historicalcontext of the study and presents the objectives of the research. The secondsection of the report describes the tasks that were performed and presents studyresults. The third section discusses the specifications of a computerized modelsystem for tracking SFST training. Development and Validation of the SFST Battery During the late 1960s and early 1970s more than 50,000 peoplelost their lives each year on our nation's public roads; more than half of thefatalities involved an alcohol-impaired driver. Traffic safety has improvedconsiderably since that time: the annual death toll has declined to about40,000, even though the numbers of drivers, vehicles, and miles driven all havegreatly increased. When miles traveled are considered, the likelihood of beingkilled in traffic in 1966 was more than three times what it is today. Research sponsored by the National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration (NHTSA) has contributed to the improved condition, in part, byproviding law enforcement officers with useful and scientifically validinformation and training materials to assist in the enforcement of drinking anddriving laws. Beginning in 1975, NHTSA sponsored research that led to thedevelopment of a Driving While Impaired (DWI) 1 detection guide that listed 20driving cues and the probabilities that a driver exhibiting a cue would have aBAC of at least 0.10 percent (Harris et al., 1980; Harris, 1980). A similarstudy was conducted more recently that identified 24 driving cues that arepredictive of DWI at the 0.08 level (Stuster, 1997); the latter study alsoidentified ten post-stop cues with probabilities of DWI of at least 90 percent.NHTSA previously sponsored research that led to the development of a motorcycleDWI detection guide and training program (Stuster, 1993). NHTSA's DWI trainingmaterials, based on the results of these studies, have exposed the currentgeneration of law enforcement officers in the U.S. to information critical toDWI enforcement by providing a systematic, scientifically valid, and defensibleapproach to on-the-road DWI detection. At the same time NHTSA was providing officers withinformation concerning the driving behaviors that are the most predictive ofimpairment, the agency also sponsored research that led to the development of astandardized battery of tests for officers to administer to assess driverimpairment after an enforcement stop has been made. Marcelline Burns and Herbert Moskowitzconducted laboratory evaluations of several of the tests that were mostfrequently-used by law enforcement officers at the time (Burns and Moskowitz,1977). In addition to a variety of customary roadside tests (e.g.,finger-to-nose, maze tracing, backward counting), the researchers evaluatedmeasures of an autonomic reaction to central nervous system depressants, knownas Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus. Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) is an involuntaryjerking of the eye that occurs naturally as the eyes gaze to the side. Aschan(1958) described studies that linked various forms of nystagmus to BAC, andWilkinson, Kime, and Purnell (1974) reported consistent changes in HorizontalGaze Nystagmus with increasing doses of alcohol. At the time Burns and Moskowitzwere conducting their seminal research for NHTSA, Horizontal Gaze Nystagmusrecently had been found to reliably predict BACs in a study conducted in Finland(Pentilla, Tenhu, and Kataja, 1974). Further, Lehti (1976) had just calculated astrong correlation between BAC and the onset of nystagmus. All of the field sobriety tests evaluated by Burns andMoskowitz were found to be sensitive to BAC in varying degrees, at least underlaboratory conditions. In addition, all of the tests showed a consistentincrease in correlations with increasing BACs. Statistical analyses found theHorizontal Gaze Nystagmus test to be the most predictive of the individualmeasures. However, the combined scores of two of the tests provided a slightlyhigher correlation than the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test by itself (Burns andMoskowitz, 1977); three tests were recommended to become the components of theSFST battery. NHTSA immediately sponsored a subsequent study to standardizethe test administration and scoring procedures and conduct further laboratoryand field evaluations of the new battery of three tests. The researchers foundthat law enforcement officers tended to increase their arrest rates and weremore effective in estimating the BACs of stopped drivers after they had beentrained in the administration and scoring of the Standardized Field SobrietyTest battery. The results of the study were documented in the technical report, Developmentand Field Test of Psychophysical Tests for DWI Arrest (Tharp, Burns, andMoskowitz, 1981). That report was cited throughout the U.S. to establish thescientific validity of the SFST battery and to support officers' testimony incourt. Beginning in 1981, law enforcement officers used NHTSA'sStandardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) battery at roadside to help determinewhether motorists who are suspected of DWI have blood alcohol concentrations (BACs)greater than 0.10 percent. Since 1981, however, many states have implementedlaws that define DWI at BACs below 0.10. For this reason, NHTSA sponsoredadditional research to systematically evaluate the accuracy of the SFST batteryto discriminate above or below 0.08 percent and above or below 0.04 percent BAC.In that study, Jack Stuster and Marcelline Burns (Stuster and Burns,1998) foundthe SFSTs to be extremely accurate. Decision analyses revealed that officers'estimates of whether a motorist's BAC was above or below 0.08 were accurate in91 percent of the cases, and estimates of whether a motorist's BAC was above0.04 but under 0.08 were accurate in 94 percent of the decisions to arrest andin 80 percent of the relevant cases, overall. 2 The SFST battery is composed of three tests: Horizontal GazeNystagmus (HGN), Walk-and-Turn (WAT), and One-Leg Stand (OLS); the tests andscoring procedures are described in Appendix A. Table 1 compares the accuracy ofthe SFSTs during the 1981 and 1998 validation studies. In the 1998 study, HGNwas again found to be the most accurate of the component tests in discriminatingabove and below the criterion BAC, and the results of the three SFSTs combinedprovided slightly greater accuracy than the HGN test alone. The most salientdifference between the results of the 1981 and the 1998 validation studies isthe substantial increase in the accuracy of officers' decisions, despite thelower criterion BAC in the 1998 study (0.10 percent BAC in 1981; 0.08 percentBAC in 1998). The greater accuracies of the SFST battery and component testsduring the 1998 study are attributable to the differential experience of theofficers who participated in the two studies. That is, the officers whoparticipated in the original research had learned the procedures as part of the1981 laboratory study; in contrast, the officers who participated in the 1998study had been using the SFSTs for several years to help make arrest decisionsunder operational conditions. Thus, the levels of accuracy observed during the1998 study reflect current conditions and should be considered the validatedmeasures of SFST accuracy. Table 1 Comparison of SFST Accuracy During the 1981 and 1998 Validation Studies SFST(s) % Correct Decisions 1981 % Correct Decisions 1998 SFST(s) 1981 1998SFST Battery (the 3 tests combined) 81 91 Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) 77 88 Walk-and-Turn (WAT) 68 79 One-Leg Stand (OLS) 65 83 Other studies have confirmed the considerable accuracy of theSFSTs to assist officers in making arrest decisions for DWI (Arend, et. al.,1999; Anderson and Burns, 1997; Burns and Anderson, 1995). Officers have foundthe SFSTs to be fully-acceptable for field use and they appreciate thediagnostic value of test results. Further, many prosecutors prefer officers toadminister only the SFSTs to help make arrest decisions for DWI because thetests have been scientifically validated and are defensible in court. NHTSA's SFSTs largely have replaced the unvalidatedperformance tests of unknown merit that once were the patrol officer's onlytools in helping to make post-stop DWI arrest decisions. Regional and localpreferences for other performance tests still exist, even though some of thetests have not been validated. Despite regional differences in what tests areused to assist officers in making DWI arrest decisions, NHTSA's SFSTs presentlyare used in all 50 states. NHTSA's SFSTs have become the standard pre-arrestprocedures for evaluating DWI in most law enforcement agencies. 3 The Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test is considered by many law enforcement officers to be the most effective technique to provide evidence of alcohol in a motorist's system. The normal variation in human physical and cognitive capabilities, and the effects of alcohol tolerance, can result in uncertainties when arrest decisions are made exclusively on the basis of physical and/or cognitive performance tests. These uncertainties have resulted in many DWI suspects being released rather than detained and transported to another location for evidentiary chemical testing. This is because some experienced drinkers can perform physical and cognitive tests acceptably, even with a BAC greater than 0.10 percent. However, experienced drinkers cannot conceal the physiological effects of alcohol from an officer who is skilled in HGN administration, because Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus is an involuntary reaction over which an individual has absolutely no control. The Importance of Standardization The validity of SFST results is dependent upon practitionersfollowing the established, standardized procedures for test administration andscoring. NHTSA's SFST Student Manual states that the proceduresdemonstrated in the training program describe how SFSTs should be administeredunder ideal conditions, but that ideal conditions do not always exist in thefield. Variations from ideal conditions, and deviations from the standardizedprocedures, might affect the evidentiary weight that should be given to testresults. Courts in several states have reviewed the admissibility offield sobriety tests that assess physical coordination and have held thatdeviations in the administration of the tests should not result in thesuppression of test results. These courts have found that field sobriety tests,including the Walk-and-Turn and the One-Leg-Stand of the SFST battery, aresimple physical dexterity exercises that can be interpreted by an officer in thefield, and by others in a court of law. However, courts have ruled that theadmissibility of the HGN test may be treated differently due to its "scientificnature." For this reason, HGN results are vulnerable to challenge, and likelyto be excluded by the court, if the test was not administered in strictcompliance with established protocols. Other states have been even less accommodating to deviationsfrom the standardized procedures. In particular, the Ohio State Supreme Courtruled that law enforcement officers have no discretion in the administration ofSFSTs. In a four-to-two decision, the Ohio State Supreme Court held in Ohiov. Homan, 732 N.E.2d 952 (Ohio 2000), that Standardized Field Sobriety Testsconducted in a manner that departs from the methods established by NHTSA "areinherently unreliable" and thus inadmissible. 4 The SFST battery is composed of three separate tests withthree independent predictive validities that range from 79 to 88 percent.Depending on the physical characteristics of the subject and roadsideconditions, an officer might choose to refrain from administering the entireSFST battery, as directed by the training materials (e.g., a leg injury thatmight affect a person's ability to perform the OLS test). Because an officer ispermitted the discretion to withhold a test, it is reasonable to question why adeviation in the administration of one of the three tests would disqualify theentire battery. Although it is not recommended to do so under ideal conditions,the data show that accurate arrest decisions reliably can be made on the basisof two of the SFSTs, or on the basis of HGN test results, alone. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)adopted uniform procedures in 1992 to guide the training of SFST instructors andpractitioners. Those standards include 24-hours of NHTSA-approved SFSTinstruction. The procedures for administering and interpreting SFST results canbe readily learned and, generally, proficiency increases with experience.However, it is possible for SFST skills to degrade if they are not exercisedregularly (e.g., during a prolonged absence from patrol work). Also, the SFSTprocedures have evolved since they were first developed in 1981. Modificationsto the standardized procedures could result in an officer administering SFSTsaccording to outdated protocols. 5 For these reasons, NHTSA recommends that lawenforcement agencies conduct refresher training for SFST instructors andpractitioners. Project Objectives The primary objective of this study is to develop a modelsystem to help law enforcement agencies manage Standardized Field Sobriety Test(SFST) training requirements. A further objective is to explore the feasibilityof establishing and operating a statewide SFST training records system. General Approach Judges in the State of Colorado became concerned withinconsistencies in the testimony of law enforcement officers concerning SFSTadministration and scoring procedures. In response to those concerns,representatives of law enforcement agencies, the Rocky Mountain Institute forTransportation Safety, and the Colorado Department of Transportation developedstandards for SFST instructors and practitioners, based on the NHTSA standards,which include requirements for refresher training. In this regard, the ColoradoSFST standards require that practitioners receive at least two hours ofrefresher training every two years and instructors receive at least eight hoursof refresher training every two years, to maintain their SFST practitioner andinstructor certifications. The statewide regulation took effect in 1999, with atwo-year grandfather clause expiring in November of 2001. The implementation of SFST refresher training requirements by the State ofColorado offers an opportunity to study how law enforcement agencies maintainrecords of training experience to comply with the requirement. The question ofparticular interest is, how do agencies identify when individual SFSTinstructors and practitioners must receive their periodic refresher training?Interviews were conducted with personnel from a sample of Colorado lawenforcement agencies to obtain the information necessary to answer the researchquestions. Various terms are used throughout the UnitedStates for offenses involving drinking and driving. In this report, DrivingWhile Impaired (DWI) is used to refer to all occurrences of driving at or abovethe illegal blood alcohol concentratiion (BAC) limit of a jurisdiction. In addition to the results of the decisionanalysis, the study found statistically significant correlations between SFSTresults and measured BACs ( p =.005); also, the difference between the meanestimated and measured BACs of the 297 motorists tested at roadside during thefield study was very small and operationally irrelevant (i.e., 0.117 vs. 0.122percent BAC, respectively). The Advisory Committee on Highway Safety ofthe International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) recommended in 1986that law enforcement agencies adopt and implement NHTSA's SFSTs and theassociated training program. Officers always should fully comply withNHTSA's guidelines when administering the SFSTs. However, if deviations occur,officers and the courts should understand that any deviation from establishedprocedures relates to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility . For example, the original SFST proceduresspecified that the HGN test not be administered to individuals who were wearinghard contact lenses. The stipulation was made to avoid the possibility of losinga lens as a consequence of the required eye movements. The stipulationeventually was removed when it was recognized that the possibility of dislodginga contact lens was minimal. Continue to Research Table of Contents
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DWAI that Should Have Erowid Experience Vaults: Alcohol & Cannabis - DWAI that Should Have Been Avoided Your Donation Will Help Support Free Drug Information. Join Today. DWAI that Should Have Been Avoided Alcohol & Cannabis by Arjuna DOSE : oral Alcohol - Hard Cannabis BODY WEIGHT : 165 lb Reported Dose: 8 Mixed drinks, 2g cannibis It was my 22nd birthday party, and I had been drinking throughout the night. At around 11:30pm someone had asked me for a ride home. I obliged, knowing that I was sober enough to drive. At the time, I suspect I was near the legal limit when I got behind the wheel. And then I made two of the worst mistakes of my life. By the time I arrive at my friends house, he decides that he doesn't want to go home yet, and suggests that we have another drink. 'Cmon man, its your birthday!' He says, and I obliged. One drink turns into six, and by last call I was completely intoxicated. At this point my friend wants to come stay at my house, so we start heading back, knowing that the whole trip was pointless to begin with. At this point I made the second mistake that ended in my downfall. I began to feel invincible. I decided in my delusional state to run every red light from downtown to my house. My luck ran out when I blazed through a red light at well over 60 miles an hour, coming within feet of striking a squad car. I was immediately pulled over, road tested and arrested. By the time I was detained and processed, I had a blood alcohol level of .167, double the legal limit for a DWAI, and .067 over the DUI limit. At this point I was hauled off to detox, where I was held against my will until 11:30AM the following morning. After my arraignment, plea bargain and sentencing, I lost my license for three months, was forced into alcohol therapy sessions for six months, and ended up paying well over $2000 in fines, fees, and inflated insurance costs. Ultimately, I consider myself fortunate. If I had ran that light 3 seconds later than I did, I would have been prosecuted for vehicular homicide of a police officer. The cop I nearly hit may have very well saved my life. Please, don't drink and drive. I thought I could handle my liquor, until I lost all sense of rational behavior. As the old clich says: 'The life you save may be your own.' Exp Year: 2001 ID: 21827 Added: Mar 6, 2003 Views: 12615 Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them. Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid. Erowid Experience Vault © 1996-2004 Erowid
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DWAI DWI OUI OWI DUI DWAI DWI OUI Lawyers-drunk driving punishments DUI Blog DUI Lawyers in Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New York,North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin drunk driving lawyers. Punishments for DWAI DWI OUI OWI DUI? Who Says You Have To Lose Your License and Your Freedom? If you've been arrested for a DUI/DWI, there are many things that canbe used to help you. I'm not a lawyer, so I can't advise you or giveyou a legal opinion. This doesn't mean, however, that I'm turning you away. You see, all the sites links on the right side of this page are links to drunk driving lawyers and dui lawyers who can possibly help you keep your license and your freedom and avoid drunk driving punishments. Go to their sites and you'll learn, for example, why pleading out maybe a bad decision and a serious disservice to yourself. . . anddiscover the 10 common mistakes most people make after being arrestedfor DUI make. And equally as important, how to avoid them. And that's just the beginning. Just click on a link to the right to enter the Drunk Driving DefenseInformation sites. Here, you'll discover what you need to know beforeyou make a decision which can have a profound effect on your license,your insurance, your job, and your freedom. Barry Sharoff 2407 High Street Denver, CO 80205-5563 303831-7088 marketingguy@mho.com Read This Before You Build Your DUI Attorney Website DESIGN ONE DESIGN TWO DESIGN THREE DESIGN FOUR DESIGN FIVE DESIGN SIX DESIGN SEVEN TRAFFIC TICKET SITE Related Sites Alaska: Anchorage Arizona: Phoenix Sierra Vista Tucson California: Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Colorado Denver Colorado Springs Pagosa Springs Trinidad Connecticut: New London Florida: Fort Pierce Georgia: Atlanta Illinois: Chicago Louisiana: Covington Maryland: Greenbelt Massachusetts: Boston Minnesota: Minneapolis Mississippi: Jackson Missouri: Kansas City St. Louis Nevada: Las Vegas New Jersey: Cherry Hill New York: Long Island New York City North Carolina: Durham North Dakota: Grand Fork Ohio: Columbus Oklahoma: OK City Oregon: Medford Pennslyvania: Edinboro Montgomery & Bucks Philadelphia Pittsburgh State College Tennessee: Memphis Texas: Austin Conroe Dallas Denton Ft. Worth Houston Kerrville League City Lubbock Plano San Antonio Utah: Ogden Virginia: Manassas Newport News Washington: Lynnwood West Viginia: Clarksburg Wisconsin: Milwaukee Madison
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California DWI DUI OWI Alameda DUI Attorneys, Alameda, California DUI, Drinking and Driving Lawyers, Drunk Driving Attorneys in Alameda, CA DUI DWI: International Referral Database of DUI, DWI, Impairedand DrunkDriving, Drinking and Driving, Lawyers & Attorneys State orProvince | County | Region | Attorneys | Courthouses | License & Traffic Offices | Legislation | Instruments | Standards | Experts | Articles Add Attorney | Add Courthouse | AddDMV Office | Add Legislation | AddInstrument | Add Standards Home | Debate | AddingYour Firm | Words are used in Canada? DUI | DWI | DrunkDriving | Drinkingand Driving | DUI Laws | DWILaws | Ontariodui | Ontario dui laws | ImpairedDriving | TorontoDUI | BramptonDUI | MississaugaDUI DUI : Driving Under the Influence; DWI : Driving While Intoxicated;OUI: Operating Under the Inflence; OWI: Operating While Intoxicated; ImpairedDriving: Impaired in Canada to Slightest Degree; Over 80: Excess BAC alcohol inCanada over 80 mg/100mL; Care or Control: Occupy seat normallyoccupied by operator in Canada, act or series of acts involving useof car , fittings or equipment Alameda, California DUI Law Information Your law firm banner here - contact biss@lawyers.ca This is a database of Alameda, California DUI Law information contributed by Californiadrinking and driving lawyers who practice DUI law in and near Alameda, CA and who are members of the International Referral Database of DUI,DWI, Impaired and Drunk Driving, Drinking and Driving, Lawyers & Attorneys.Participation in the database is free to DUI Defense lawyers. The aim of thedatabase is to provide the public and colleagues in other states and provinceswith a great deal of good quality information about local DUI laws and practice. If the databelow is incomplete, please encourage local attorneys to join and add helpfulinformation. If aparticular DUI attorney's name is not mentioned, he or she may not yet havejoined the database or they may not have specifically listed "Alameda" in the region fieldof their profile. If aparticular DUI courthouse is not detailed, it may not yet be entered in the database orno one has listed "Alameda" in the cities ortowns served fieldof that courthouse. You willfind helpful information about any criminal law courthouses found in Alameda, California, andperhaps motor vehiclelicense offices in Alameda, California. Below you will also find linksto Summaries of DrunkDriving Law for California,information about what to do on first attendance in DUICourt in the greater Alameda, California area, what clothing you should wear in DUI Courtif you are in Alameda, California, and why youshould be early for Court in Alameda, California. There are links tolistings of California DUI CriminalLaw Courthouses and motor vehicle offices throughout California. Follow theBAC instrumentslinks and standards links to find out about the breath alcohol concentration (BAC) instruments usedin California. CA DUI Drinking andDriving laws can becomplex. DUI Legislation may be found by following the links to the Californiadrinking and driving statutes. Alameda Superior Court - Island of Alameda Alameda DUI Court George E. McDonald Hall of Justice Phone Numbers of Courthouse Offices Location and Directions Index of DUI Courthouses in California No DMV offices entered yet. Paid banner advertisers are invited to add licence offices each with their own profile and advertising banner. Index of Motor Vehicle Offices in California Index ofCounty Lawyer Association Pages in California Index of Cities, Towns, Boroughs, and Villagesin California Database of DUI Attorneys and Lawyers in and near Alameda, CA If you are a California DUI Defense Attorney and you would like toparticipate please click AddingYour Firm . If you are already a member of the International Referral Database of DUI, DWI, Impaired and Drunk Driving, Lawyers & Attorneys and you practicein or near " but your namedoes not appear in this list for Alameda we suggestthat you specifically add "Alameda" to the Region fieldfor your profile along with the name of every city, town, village, and suburbwhere you practice. Alameda DUIAttorney San Francisco: Joshua Dale Alameda DUIAttorney Oakland: Bruce Kapsack Alameda DUIAttorney San Jose: Randy Moore Alameda DUIAttorney Los Angeles: Paul Takakjian California DWI DUI OWI OUI Information Summaries of DUI Law for California What to Do On DUI Court First Appearance What to Wear to DUI Court Being Early for DUI DWI Court Directory of DUI Courthouses in California Directory of Motor Vehicle Offices BAC Instruments used in DUI Court Cases DUI Breath and Blood Collection Standards and Departments Responsible DUI Legislation in California Substantive DUI/Excess Alcohol Offense DUI Refusal Offense/Presumption DUI Administrative Driver's License Suspension Drinking and Driving Procedure/Evidence DUI Penalties Suspension on Conviction, Prohibition DUI Drive While Suspended Offense Immigration, Exclusion of Visitors resulting from DUI Reciprocal DUI Agreements Constitutional Rights in DUI Cases Other Criminal Non-DUI Legislation DUI Attorneys - Lists by County in California List of DUI Attorneys and Practice Descriptions Avocats DUI, droit criminel Adwokaci DUI, prawo kryminalne List of DUI Forensic Experts and Practice Descriptions State/Province DUI Data and Links to DUI Statutes The Impaired Driving Checklist The Drinking Driver's worksheet DUI and Criminal Defense Character Reference Letters Articles and Writings California DUI Attorney Articles and Writings California DUI Lawyer Articles and Writings California Drunk Driving Attorney Articles and Writings California Drunk Driving Lawyer Articles and Writings National College for DUI Defense Chemical Tests: Blood, Breath and Urine Basic DUI Law: Misdemeanor and Felony DUI Blood Alcohol Calculator California DUI Defense and DWI Lawyer Guide NoCuffs.com DUI NoCuffs.com DUI NoCuffs.com Contact a California Attorney Now via Netcall "MADD AND MADDER" Got-a-DUI? 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Theauthor and the participants make no representation or warranty whatsoeveras to the authenticity and reliability of the information contained herein.Advertisement.Theselawyers do not practice in association. WARNING: All informationcontained herein is provided for the purpose of providing basic information onlyand should not be construed as formal legal advice. The authors disclaim any andall liability resulting from reliance upon such information. You are stronglyencouraged to seek professional legal advice before relying upon any of theinformation contained herein. Legal advice should be sought directly from aproperly retained lawyer or attorney.
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